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THE CHILDREN’S BOOK 

OF 

CELEBRATED BUILDINGS 


BY 

LORINDA MUNSON BRYANT / 

Author of “The Children’s Book of Celebrated Pictures,” 
“The Children’s Book of Celebrated Sculpture,” etc., etc. 



PUBLISHED BY THE CENTURY CO. 

NEW YORK AND LONDON ^ S? S? 



A 2 5'55' 


X 


Copyright, 1924, by 
The Century Co. '} 


PRINTED IN U. S. A. 


SEP 17 ^24 ^ ^ 

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To 

MY NEPHEWS AND NIECES 


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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FIGURE PAGE 

1. Independence Hall, Philadelphia.3 

2. St. Peter’s, Rome .... 5 

3. The Parthenon, Athens.7 

4. Rangoon Pagoda, Burma.9 

5. Kenilworth Castle, England.11 

6. The Capitol, Washington.13 

7. Westminster Abbey, London.15 

8. Claudia Aquaduct, Rome.17 

9. Buckingham Palace, London.19 

10. The Castle of Sant’ Angelo, Rome.21 

11. Cologne Cathedral, Germany.23 

12. The Roman Forum, Italy.25 

13. Palazzo Vecchio, Florence.27 

14. Rheims Cathedral, France.29 

15. The Tower of London, England.31 

16. The Colosseum, Rome.33 

17. The Palace of the Doges, Venice.35 

18. The Campo Santo, Pisa.37 

19. The Woolworth Cathedral of Commerce, New York .... 39 

20. The House of the Gaul, Pompeii.41 

21. The Palace of Versailles, France.43 

22. Melrose Abbey, Scotland.45 

23. The Pantheon, Paris.47 

24. San Marco, Venice.49 

25. Erechtheum, Athens. 51 


























FIGURE 

26. Edinburgh Castle, Scotland.-53 

27. Canterbury Cathedral, England.-55 

28. Houses of Parliament, London.57 

29. The Baptistry, Florence.59 

29a. Baptistry door.59 

30. Taj Mahal, Agra, India.61 

31. Milan Cathedral, Italy.63 

32. The Opera-House, Paris.65 

33. Boro-Budur, Java..67 

33a. Buddha.67 

34. Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris.69 

35. The Alhambra, Granada, Spain.71 

36. The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem.73 

36a. Dome of the Rock through an Arch. 73 

37. Temple of Luxor, Egypt.75 

38. The Escorial, Spain.77 

39. Santa Sophia, Constantinople.79 

40. The Louvre, Paris.81 

41. Notre Dame, Antwerp.83 

42. Great Gate of Temple, Nikko, Japan.85 

42a. The Sacred Stable, Nikko, Japan.85 

43. Cordova Cathedral, Spain.87 

44. Mount Vernon.89 

45. The Kremlin, Moscow.91 

46. Palais de Justice, Brussels.93 

47. The Pantheon, Rome.95 

48. The Temple of the Sun, Baalbek, Syria.97 

49. The Pyramids, Egypt.99 

50. Trinity Church, New York . . . . 101 































Dear Children: 

Did you ever think how mysterious buildings are? Nooks and 
angles and cubbyholes, chimneys and cellars and attics, secret 
rooms and closets under the stairs—all are filled with imaginary 
people. I want you to keep your minds wide-awake as we visit 
building after building clear around the world. Fairies or hob¬ 
goblins may start up at any moment with marvelous tales of strange 
and fantastic doings. Remember, wonderful secrets are revealed 
to those who are on the watch. Elfs and imps have no sense of 
time or nationality. They talk as familiarly with us in the Ran¬ 
goon Temple of far-off Burma as in Independence Hall in Phila¬ 
delphia. Listen closely! their shrill little voices are telling many 
a secret—secrets unknown even to the architect planning the 
building or the ruler at whose command it sprang forth. 

Not a temple, cathedral, or public building we visit is without 
its secret. We circle the globe and listen to many tales of conflict 
between love and hate, but LOVE finally conquers, for love and 
beauty ever go hand in hand. 

With love and best wishes, from your friend, 

Lorinda Munson Bryant. 


1 


INDEPENDENCE HALL 



INDEPENDENCE HALL! How those words 
thrill us! In that simple brick building was 
born a new freedom in national life; a freedom 
that meant liberty, not license—remember that 
liberty always means responsibility. 

Independence Hall proper is the east room, 
for in that hall met those splendid men in 1776. 
The original furniture is still there. On the back of the chair of the 
president of the Congress is the famous emblem showing the sun 
with his long radiating rays. Benjamin Eranklin said that before 
the Revolution was over he had wondered whether it was the ^'rising 
or the setting sun.” How vividly Franklin’s wit expressed the 
anxiety of those signers of the Declaration of Independence! 

Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, was originally the old 
State-house. It was built in 1732. The steeple was added later. 
The Continental Congress met here during the Revolution, from 
1775 to 1781, and here on July 4, 1776, was signed the Declaration 
of Independence. 

Among many relics preserved in the building are Franklin’s 
lightning-rod, two chairs of William Penn, the Signers’ Table, 
Washington’s church pew, and numberless portraits of distin¬ 
guished statesmen of the world connected with this great event of 
history—the beginning of the independence of the United States 
of America. But the relic most familiar to all of us is in the 
small back hall at the foot of the staircase—the Liberty Bell— 
the first bell rung in the United States after the Declaration of 
Independence. 

Let us sit in Independence Square, a park of four acres, and 
look at the original home of our liberty. There she stands as 
Washington saw her. In 1897 the entire building was brought 
back as nearly as possible to the original form, even to the open 
arcades which connect the small wings. 

2 


1 



Photo from Brown Bros. 


Fig. I. Independence Philadelphia 




















ST. PETER’S 


STRANGE, sad story is told of the beginning of St. 



Peter’s. The apostle Peter went to preach in Rome when 


he was an old man. He came under the persecution of 
Nero and possibly was imprisoned in the Mamertine Prison near 
the Forum. Being an unknown man, he was led through the 
Forum out across the river Tiber to one of the seven hills of Rome 
and crucified, head downward. His friends came and took the 
body and buried it near the wall of Nero’s Circus. Thirty years 
later a priest, whom St. Peter had ordained, built a tiny chapel 
over the grave. This little chapel, probably the smallest Christian 
church, was the beginning of St. Peter’s, the biggest church in 
Christendom. 

St. Peter’s is so big that as we push aside the heavy leather cur¬ 
tain and enter we seem to become pygmies, and the people near 
the high altar are inch-high dolls strolling about. Milan Cathe¬ 
dral could stand in St. Peter’s and still leave 161 feet of its length 
clear. 

The man who did more toward building St. Peter’s than any 
other was Pope Julius II (1503), and yet he has no tomb of his 
own but lies in a tomb with another. Only a slab in the floor 
bears his name. We will never forget Julius II, for he was a 
friend of Michael Angelo (1475-1564), the great sculptor, the 
great painter, and the great architect. The.dome of St. Peter’s was 
designed by Michael Angelo. Let us climb to the balcony running 
around the inside of the base of the dome. The exquisite beauty 
and airiness of the vast hollow ball fairly take our breath. As 
we look below, seemingly the whole cathedral is covered by it. 
Now we shall step to the outside of the dome to get the marvelous 
view stretched out before us. Facing the square is the Castle of 
Sant’ Angelo and the yellow Tiber flowing by it. To our left is 
the Vatican, the home of the popes. If we wait a few moments 
possibly we may see Pope Pius XI taking his morning walk in 
the Vatican Gardens. 


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Fig. 2. St. Peter's, Rome 


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THE PARTHENON 


T he name of the Parthenon comes from the Greek word that 
means a virgin. To the Greeks their supreme virgin was 
Pallas Athena, the goddess of wisdom. Is it any wonder 
that the most beautiful building ever built by the Greek architects 
should be dedicated to Athena and called the “Temple of the 
Virgin”—in Greek, the Parthenon? 

This marvelous building was built in ten years by Phidias and 
his helpers and was finished in 438 b. c. There were fifty life- 
sized statues and a colossal statue of Pallas Athena thirty-nine 
feet high. Ninety-six fluted Doric columns supported the roof of 
the veranda. A frieze 524 feet long, running around the building 
inside the veranda, was carved in low relief with a pictured pro¬ 
cession of people and animals in honor of the festival day of the 
great goddess. 

Above the columns around the entire building were ninety-two 
metopes, which told the story of the centaurs. The centaurs were 
mythical monsters half man and half horse. Legend says they 
were invited to a wedding, where they drank too much wine, and 
before the men at the wedding knew what was happening the 
centaurs galloped off with the bride. This started the terrible 
battle of the Lapithse and centaurs. Only a few metopes are left 
on the Parthenon now. Most of them are in the British Museum 
with the pediment sculpture and a large part of the frieze. 

In the fifth century the Parthenon became a Christian Church 
and was consecrated to the Mother of God for a thousand years. 
In 1460 the Turks made it into a mosque and added a minaret. A 
quarter of a century later, in 1487, the Venetians took Athens. 
The Turks retreated to the Acropolis, the hill where the Parthenon 
stands, and stored their powder in the precious building. Dur¬ 
ing the bombardment a bomb fell into the powder. When the 
smoke cleared away three hundred men were dead and the Parthe¬ 
non was only a wreck of its former glory. War and hate! What 
terrible havoc they leave in their wake 1 

6 



Fig. The Parthenon, Athens 

















RANGOON PAGODA 


P AGODAS are as plentiful in Japan, China, and India as 
windmills are in Holland. They are tower-like temples 
containing shrines for worshipers and numberless bells for 
the suppliants to ring to attract the attention of the gods. 

The Shoedagong Pagoda is a curious structure. The central 
tower is covered with a huge umbrella-like metal cone of solid 
gold plate set with precious jewels. Around the edge of the cone 
are gold and silver bells. This bell-like umbrella is forty-seven 
feet high. Attached to the base of the huge pagoda and entirely 
surrounding it are numberless smaller pagodas, each with its um¬ 
brella top and tinkling bells. 

The pagoda dates from 588 b. c., though the elaborate top was 
given by King Min of Upper Burma in 1871. It was brought 
down from Mandalay with great pomp and ceremony. 

An early tradition says that a baby prince of India was aban¬ 
doned in a forest one day but was found and nursed by a lioness. 
When the prince grew to manhood he ran away from his foster- 
mother. She, poor thing, died from a broken heart. The prince, 
to make some amends, had a strange monster placed at the foot 
of all pagodas in Burma in memory of the lioness’s love for him. 

The hillock on which the Shoedagong Pagoda stands is guarded 
by the spirit of Soolay Nat. His spirit is embodied in a strange 
figure resting on the platform of the Soolay Pagoda near-by. The 
present Soolay Pagoda is less than a hundred years old, but it 
covers two or three pagodas of great age. 

The following story is told of the dethroning of wicked King 
Theebaw of Burma by the English in 1885: King Theebaw was 
told he must embark for India. Coolly he asked for three months’ 
time, then for three weeks, then three days. Sir Harry Pren- 
dergast took out his watch and said, ‘T give you ten minutes.” 
King Theebaw went. The ship’s officer gave a receipt for him 
which read: “For one king, three queens, one prime minister, 
three councilors, and so many maids of honor.” 

8 




Elmendorf Photo © Ewing Galloway 


Fig. 4 . Rangoon Pagoda, Burma 









KENILWORTH CASTLE 


N O castle in all England is more bound up with English 
history than Kenilworth. The heart of many a girl and 
boy in America leaps with anticipation at the mention 
of its name. Somehow, romance, intrigue, and tragedy walk hand 
in hand even among its ruins. The story of Amy Robsart, thanks 
to Sir Walter Scott, holds us spellbound. We weep barrels of 
tears over the pitiful tragedy of her life; then in the midst of our 
weeping History has the audacity to step in and say that Amy 
Robsart never came to Kenilworth Castle! She died in 1560, and 
Scott says she was at Kenilworth in 1575. Nevertheless, our eyes 
will fill as we look at the spot where Scott says she fell through the 
trap-door. We do know that Amy was not treated well by her 
husband, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, and that she probably 
was killed by foul means in one of her lord’s castles. 

Kenilworth was founded by Geoffrey de Clinton about 1120. 
It passed from one owner to another many times; it was enlarged 
and sometimes nearly destroyed but was always one of the finest 
baronial estates in England. It came to John of Gaunt by mar¬ 
riage in 1362 and afterward became royal property. 

When Queen Elizabeth presented Kenilworth Castle to her favor¬ 
ite the Earl of Leicester, in 1563, he spent three hundred thousand 
dollars in enlarging and beautifying it in preparation for the visit 
of her Royal Highness Queen Elizabeth. Of course Dudley hoped 
to win Elizabeth and become joint ruler of England, but his wit 
could not match that of this masterful woman—and he lost. 

Kenilworth Castle to-day is a mere shell of what it was, yet its 
fascination is still supreme. Even the vine clinging to its crum¬ 
bling walls has become world famed as Kenilworth ivy. As I 
hold in my hand a leaf picked from it a dozen years ago, its glisten¬ 
ing green brings vividly to mind the marvelous setting of the old 
castle. We love the mystery of Kenilworth Castle! 

10 



Fig, s. Kenilworth Castle, England 













THE CAPITOL 


W HEN President Washington in 1792 accepted Major 
Pierre Charles L’Enfant’s design for our Capitol, he 
was very wise. The building spot chosen is ‘‘a nat¬ 
ural pedestal awaiting its monument,” said the young French engi¬ 
neer. From then until to-day the building of the Capitol has been 
on the original plan. 

George Washington watched the growth of the Capitol with the 
keenest interest, for, said he, ‘ht may be relied upon, it is the 
progress of that building that is to inspire or depress public con¬ 
fidence.” Abraham Lincoln, seventy years later, in the darkest 
days of the Civil War, kept men at work on the dome, then com¬ 
ing into shape, for he felt that it was symbolic of the Union of the 
States. 

We climb the flight of marble steps to the great bronze doors, 
enter, and walk to the center of the rotunda. It is two minutes to 
noon. Look! Over there is the chief justice of the United States, 
followed by members of the Supreme Court, entering their chamber. 
To the south through the open door we see the speaker of the 
House of Representatives; to the north the vice-president is pre¬ 
siding over the Senate—these three great bodies and the President 
form the Government of the United States. Under the spot where 
we stand is an empty tomb that was intended for George Washing¬ 
ton, but he lies at Mount Vernon. (See page 88). 

Weird stories float around public buildings, and the Capitol is 
no exception. Imagine a haunted room in the Capitol! Yet for 
many years it was believed that the busts of the chief justices 
ranged about the walls of the chamber of the Supreme Court bowed 
their heads if any one entered the room after sundown. At last 
some belated clerk working over hours had to enter the court-room. 
The ghostly busts were swaying back and forth as though bowing 
to an invisible audience. Instead of fleeing as others had done he 
investigated. A hanging light outside the door, swung by a 
breeze, was casting its moving shadows on the busts. 

12 


r 


> 



Fig. 6. The Capitol, Washington 














WESTMINSTER ABBEY 


T he first place we visit in London is Westminster Abbey. 
Its history covers the Christian era, though it was Apollo 
first, not Jesus the Christ, whom the people worshiped. 
One story says that a king of Britain in 184 A. d. built a church 
here to the glory of God and St. Peter, and that later the church, 
being changed into a temple to Apollo, was ruined by an earth¬ 
quake. In 616 a Saxon king built a church on Thorny Island, 
‘‘overgrown with thorns and environed with water on the left bank 
of the river Thames.” But the real Westminster Abbey begins 
with Edward the Confessor (1049-55). 

We shall find as we visit the various cathedrals together that 
after the year 1000 a new spirit entered into church building. 
Christian people thought that the world was to come to an end in 
1000 A. D. They even gave up planting their fields or providing 
for future needs. When the date passed and the world still stood 
people rejoiced mightily, and cathedrals began to spring up as 
thank-offerings. Henry VIII pronounced the abbey a cathedral 
and made it the seat of a bishop, and Queen Elizabeth conveyed 
the abbey to a dean with a chapter of twelve canons. 

Every sovereign of England since Harold and William the Con¬ 
queror has been crowned in Westminster Abbey. Under the seat 
of one of the coronation chairs in the abbey is the Stone of Scone 
brought from Scotland. Tradition says that this is the stone Jacob 
used as a pillow. (Genesis, XXVIII: 10-22.) The other chair 
was made when William and Mary were crowned in 1689. 

Within Westminster are buried more English-speaking people 
of renown than in any other building in the world. We are in the 
Poets’ Corner. Be careful or you will step on the inscription, “O 
rare Ben Jonson,” cut in the pavement above his body. Speak 
softly,-for Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is resting on his black 
stone couch. In that stately square coffin near-by rests Geoffrey 
Chaucer (1340-1400), the father of English poetry. These dead 
still live. We work with a happier heart because of them. 

14 



t 


































CLAUDIA AQUEDUCT 


W ATER is a necessity of life. In the very beginning of 
time man moved from place to place seeking a water 
center before pitching his tent. Then he began de¬ 
veloping means for enlarging the supply and carrying it to other 
centers. Such a carrier was an aqueduct, water-leader—in Latin, 
aquceductus. No buildings in all the world show greater skill in 
construction than these gigantic waterways. 

Never shall I forget the first time we entered Rome from Naples. 
It was late afternoon when we crossed the Campagna, that flat 
section once covered by the sea. Suddenly a long series of gigantic 
arches appeared. The rays of the setting sun doubled the huge 
monsters in shadows so tremendous that the valley seemed filled 
with broken arches trailing in the wake of the train. These were 
the famous Roman aqueducts, many of them still carrying water 
to the Eternal City though they are nearly two thousand years old. 

I want you to look carefully at these arches and repeat after 
me this definition: ‘‘The arch is a method of making materials 
support each other by their mutual compression.” Do you see 
how those square stones around the arch not only support each 
other but help bear the tremendous stonework of the waterway 
above? At the right of the picture notice the end of the second 
section of arches, the square box-like opening of the sluiceway. 

The Claudia Aqueduct, used to bring water from a place fifty- 
two miles away, was named for the emperor Tiberius Claudius 
Drusus Nero Germanicus, who lived from 10 b. c. to 54 a. d. 
What do you think of his name? It seems that this much-named 
boy was weak in both mind and body. He became emperor when 
fifty-one and really did many commendable things. He was not 
naturally cruel, but through his many wives and favorites much 
cruelty and bloodshed marked his reign, until finally he was 
assassinated. 


16 



Fig. 8. Claudia Aqueduct, Rome 



BUCKINGHAM PALACE 


B uildings have queer personalities. Some are like their 
architects, some like the country in which they stand. 
Some take on the personality of their occupants. What 
holds our interest in Buckingham Palace in London? We answer, 
“Queen Victoria! ”—that noble woman who for forty-four years 
ruled an empire on which the sun never set. 

After Queen Victoria’s marriage in 1840, her husband. Prince 
Albert, was her constant adviser in all matters of state. We in 
America shall never forget his good judgment and Queen Victoria’s 
friendship toward us in our darkest hour of the Civil War. Prince 
Albert was on his death-bed. Lord Russell had drawn up a 
paper concerning the S. S. Trent affair (read about it in your 
history) which if sent might bring us war with England. Prince 
Albert rose from his sick-bed on December 1, 1861—he died 
December 14, 1861—and with trembling fingers wrote a series of 
suggestions and softened the language. This revised note Queen 
Victoria sent to her ministers, and war was turned away. 

Buckingham Palace, just west of the Houses of Parliament, in 
the center of three parks, was settled by an act of Parliament in 
1775 on Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, and called Queen’s 
House. It is not a beautiful building. However, it has a wonder¬ 
ful marble staircase and magnificent state apartments, including 
the throne-room and a splendid ball-room. Victoria came here as 
queen in 1838. It was not her favorite residence—she preferred 
Balmoral Palace in Scotland, Osborne House on the Isle of Wight, 
and Windsor Castle—but, as the place where her home subjects 
could see her and feel her presence, Buckingham Palace stood first. 
Edward VII died in Buckingham Palace in 1910. 

When the king is in residence in Buckingham Palace the royal 
standard flies from the flagstaff above the palace. 


18 



Fig. q. Buckingham Palace, London 






















THE CASTLE OF SANT’ ANGELO 


W E love the story of the angel on top of the Castle of 
Sant’ Angelo. A terrible plague swept over Rome in 
590 A. D., making the city one big home of mourners. 
Pope Gregory the Great called his people together to pray to God 
for help. As he led the vast multitude to St. Peter’s, legend says, 
the Archangel Michael was seen sheathing his sword above the 
Castle of Sant’ Angelo. 

The emperor Hadrian built the Castle of Sant’ Angelo in 138 
A. D. as a tomb for himself and all his followers. In less than a 
hundred years, however, the people forgot Hadrian’s idea and 
made the Castle of Sant’ Angelo into a prison for the living, and 
for a thousand years it has been guarded night and day by armed 
men. The building stands in such a prominent place on the bank 
of the river Tiber that enemies felt it was a stronghold of Rome. 

The fighting hordes from the North, pouring down into Rome 
in the sixth century, took the Castle of Sant’ Angelo and turned it 
into a fortress. From that day to this it has been the center of 
action for the party in power. Many prominent people have been 
shut up in its strong walls. Sometimes, we are sorry to say, those 
imprisoned there were innocent of any crime against the state. 
Others, again, were guilty and deserved to be shut away from 
their homes and fellow-citizens. 

As we stand on the bridge crossing the Tiber to the Castle of 
Sant’ Angelo, also built by the emperor Hadrian, and look to the 
left, we see St. Peter’s and to the right of St. Peter’s the buildings 
of the Vatican, the home of the popes. This picture is so vivid that 
were you on the bridge in reality I am sure you would exclaim, 
‘‘Why, I know those buildings!” 

There is little of special interest in the Castle of Sant’ Angelo 
to-day. The history of the building, however, gives one of the 
most spectacular views of the history of Rome—and a very terrible 
one, too. As we look at its solid walls, dull red in the sun, it 
seems to stand for bloodshed and crime. 

20 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


Fig. io. The Castle of Sant’ Angelo, Rome 





COLOGNE CATHEDRAL 


S TRANGE legends are connected with the building of Co¬ 
logne Cathedral. In the thirteenth century the archbishop 
of Cologne, having plenty of money, decided to build the 
most beautiful cathedral in the world. He called a famous archi¬ 
tect to him and gave him a year in which to submit a design. The 
delighted architect, feeling in his soul the beautiful creation, be¬ 
gan transferring it to paper. He worked days, weeks, and months, 
but nothing on paper equaled his vision. At last only three days 
remained. In despair he wandered into the mountains. A tem¬ 
pest overtook him. A flash of lightning struck a tree near him, 
and out stepped a being dressed in red with a broad-brimmed hat 
and long red plume. In his hand he carried a long roll. This 
he spread out before the astonished architect. 

“Yes, that is it! ’’ cried the artist; “that is the beautiful cathedral 
which always escaped me.” 

“Well!” said the red figure, “here it is—the plan is perfect— 
you can have it on one condition: sign this contract, and all is done. 
Sign it with a little of your blood.” The horrified architect signed 
it, and the fiend disappeared. 

The cathedral was scarcely begun before disputes delayed the 
work. The sad and discouraged architect finally died, leaving the 
beautiful cathedral unfinished. Strange sayings went forth, which 
persisted for six hundred years—that if the Cologne Cathedral was 
ever finished a terrible catastrophe would come to the world. The 
cathedral was finished in 1880. 

The Cologne Cathedral is a perfect example of Gothic archi¬ 
tecture. The slender towers reaching skyward suggest the pointed 
pines of the snow lands decorated with serrated icicles and 
delicate frostwork. In one of the beautiful chapels are said to be 
the bones of the Magi, the three kings who came to Bethlehem 
seeking the Christ-child. The empress Helena brought them from 
Jerusalem to Constantinople in the fourth century. In 1164 
Frederick Barbarossa sent them to Cologne. 

22 







Courtesy of Pratt Institute 

Fig. II. Cologne Cathedral, Germany 






































THE ROMAN FORUM 


I N an old song sung by Roman peasants is the refrain: 

Rome! Rome! Rome! Rome is no longer what she was. 

Little wonder these simple workmen sang such words with 
broken arches, fallen columns, and ruined buildings all about them, 
and yet these very ruins proclaim Rome immortal. Let us stand 
by the Column of Phocas, to the left of the Colonnade of Saturn, 
which is nearest us. Several years ago I was watching some 
workmen digging near here when suddenly one of the men 
turned up human bones. Excitement ran high. ‘‘Who? 
When? Why?” we asked breathlessly. They gesticulated and 
talked very fast, but alas, we could not understand. Keep watch, 
for to-day new discoveries are solving many mysteries in this 
historic place. 

The Forum lies between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. 
The flat marshy valley, tradition says, was the neutral meeting- 
ground of Romulus, the founder of Rome, and Titus Tatius of 
the Sabines, about 753 b. c. Here they settled the dispute about 
the Sabine women carried off by the Romans. Later the tribes 
united; then the neutral ground, the Forum, became the center of 
the state. Years passed and buildings grew like magic—temples 
to the gods, Jupiter, Saturn, Castor and Pollux, and numberless 
arches, columns, and balustrades covering its length of 450 
feet. Basilicas, long colonnaded halls of exchange, were built all 
around the Forum to give more room for business, until in the 
time of Augustus Caesar it reached its greatest splendor. Then 
decline set in, though it was a thousand years before the Forum was 
a rubbish-heap lost under twenty-five feet of debris. 

Then came Raphael, the great Roman painter of the sixteenth 
century, and others who believed there were treasures of ancient 
Rome hidden in that narrow valley. They put workmen to dig¬ 
ging, and marvelous ruins came to light, so that Rome and the 
whole world again began to gather in the Forum. Just a few rods 
from the Forum is the prison where St. Paul was confined. 

24 



© U. and U 


Fig. 12. The Roman Forum, Italy 























PALAZZO VECCHIO 


G uelph ! Ghibelline! How strange those words would 

sound on our streets, yet every child in Italy knew them 
nearly seven centuries ago. They were the names of two 
powerful families, each determined to rule Italy. From the war- 
cry of the street parade one could tell which family was in power. 

About 1298 the cry was decidedly ‘‘Guelph!” At that time an 
official residence was needed. The authorities gave permission for 
a palace to be built. But, they warned the builders, not a foot of 
ground should be used where the Ghibellines had ever had a build¬ 
ing. The architects pleaded that the space was too small. The 
authorities were unyielding. Build they must on the exact spot 
allowed them! And build the Palazzo Vecchio they did, just as 
you see it to-day. On three sides it is hemmed in, but in front 
is the Piazza della Signoria—the forum of the people of Florence. 

Look at the square battlement around the roof. This kind of 
battlement is typical of the Guelphs. And the forked battlement 
around the tower shows that later the Ghibellines came into power 
again. Savonarola, the great Florentine reformer (1452-98) 
when the Medici were in power, was imprisoned in this tower and 
burned in the square. Piazza della Signoria, in front of the Palazzo 
Vecchio on May 23, 1498. 

Two years after this tragedy Michael Angelo (1475-1564) came 
home from Rome and made his “David,” which stood at the left 
corner of the Palazzo Vecchio for four hundred years. Michael 
Angelo knew the great Savonarola, the martyr for principle. 

An amusing story is told of Michael Angelo in regard to the 
Palazzo Vecchio. To the right of the main door is a profile of a 
man’s head traced on the marble. The story goes that Michael 
Angelo and a friend made a bet as to which could draw the best 
head, standing with their backs to the wall, the tool used being a 
nail. Michael Angelo’s was firm and alive, the other’s faint and 
wavery. 


26 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


Fig. 13. Palazzo Vecchio, Florence 












RHEIMS CATHEDRAL 


N O cathedral in all the world has had such extremes of 
glorification and degradation as has the Cathedral of 
Rheims. In it were crowned almost all the kings of 
France amid a rejoicing people, and over it poured bombs of de¬ 
struction until its groans penetrated all Christendom. 

If only St. Remi had been alive, maybe he again could have 
saved this beautiful cathedral. Legend says that about 496 a 
band of devils set fire to it and that St. Remi drove them from the 
city for doing so hateful an act. This story, pictured above the 
north transept door of the Rheims Cathedral, is still in place. 

The present Rheims Cathedral, begun in 1212, is one of the 
most magnificent thirteenth century churches. Stained glass had 
reached its perfection, and the builders of Rheims knew how to 
use it; but alas, it is doubtful if a single window is left. The band 
of statues across the front, each individual in its own arched niche, 
is a wonderful setting for the square towers rising skyward. The 
whole facade (front) is a marvelous historic picture gallery of 
people and events since Christianity came to Rheims at the end 
of the third century. 

One of the earliest traditions about the crowning of the kings 
of France in the cathedral says that the vessel used, called the 
sainie ampoule, was brought by a dove from heaven full of in¬ 
exhaustible oil for the coronation of Clovis (481-511). During 
the Revolution the holy vessel was broken, but by some mysterious 
means a small piece was saved containing a tiny portion of the 
oil. This was inclosed in a new jeweled shrine, and Charles X 
was anointed with it in 1825 when he was crowned king of France. 

Of all the coronations in Rheims Cathedral, the crowning of 
Charles VII by Joan of Arc July 17, 1429, was the most im¬ 
pressive. Poor martyred Joan of Arc! poor martyred cathedral! 
Neither of you had harmed humanity, yet unreasoning passion 
destroyed you both. 


28 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


Fig. 14. Rheims Cathedral, France 












































THE TOWER OF LONDON 


T he saying in London, ^^Seeing the lions!” has a curious 
story connected with the Tower. Away back in the Middle 
Ages the royal family had a mania for collecting wild 
animals and keeping them near the royal palace—the Tower was 
the royal palace down to the time of Charles II (1630-85). Of 
course among the animals were lions, and naturally that gave the 
name to one of the towers; and ^‘seeing the lions” when visiting 
the Tower meant seeing both royal people and royal animals. 

No wonder the Tower makes us tremble! Its thick turreted 
walls, great menacing towers, and impenetrable buildings seem 
surrounded with intrigue and crime. For nearly a thousand years 
the history of England has been the history of the Tower of Lon¬ 
don. William the Conqueror had scarcely possessed the country 
before he founded the Tower to protect London (1078), which 
even then was a walled city. He built the central keep or White 
Tower so close to the old city that two huge bastions of the city 
wall were removed, and the Tower became a part of London 
itself. Eighteen acres were soon covered with massive stone 
buildings. 

Almost from the first the Tower was a prison, and the prisoners 
were kings, queens, dukes, earls, barons, and bishops. When 
these titled prisoners entered the wide iron gates—which opened 
and closed by chain and windlass—it often meant death. Even 
to-day our eyes fill with tears as we stand on Tower Green, the 
spot where lovely Lady Jane Grey was beheaded on February 
12, 1554. The little Chapel of St. Peter in front of us is where 
she knelt at the altar before she ascended the scaffold. Near her 
grave we read the gruesome words over the bodies which lie before 
the high altar: ‘‘Two dukes between two queens, to wit the Duke 
of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland between Queen 
Anne and Queen Katherine, all four beheaded”—the last two 
wives of Henry VIII, the Bluebeard of England. 

The marvelous crown jewels of England are in the Tower. 

30 



i 







































THE COLOSSEUM 


T hree emperors were crowned and killed in less than a 
year after Nero killed himself. Then came Vespasian, 
who drained the lake in front of Nero’s Golden House 
and began the Colosseum on the new land in 72 a. d. The rich 
materials of bricks of gold, silver tiles, ivory, pearls, precious 
stones, and rare woods built into the Golden House were dis¬ 
tributed to the nobles of Rome and used in their palaces. 

Vespasian finished three tiers of the Colosseum; then he died, 
and the emperor Titus, the general who destroyed Jerusalem and 
the Temple, finished the Colosseum in 80 a. d. It is built of 
travertin blocks clamped together with iron; the holes still show 
where the iron was extracted in the Middle Ages. Oval in shape, 
it seated eighty-seven thousand people. When it was finished 
Titus gave an exhibition with five thousand beasts. Twenty years 
later Trajan used twenty thousand to celebrate a victory. Two 
hundred years later a forest of big trees was set up, with thou¬ 
sands of ostriches, boars, and fallow deer for the people to kill and 
carry home; then were freed hundreds of lions, leopards, and bears 
and, last, six hundred fencers to fight for their lives. Gladiatorial 
contests were abolished in 405 a. d. 

During the Middle Ages this eighth wonder of the world was a 
fortress. Afterward it was neglected and uncared for, until later 
it became a quarry to give material to those wishing to destroy the 
old and build something new. Less than two hundred years ago, 
when Benedict XIV dedicated the Colosseum to the blood of the 
martyrs, only two thirds of the original building were left. 

We go to Rome to see the Colosseum. As its broken arches and 
slender columns glimmer under the light of the Italian moon, we 
whisper in spirit with those eighth-century Anglo-Saxon pilgrims: 

“While stands the Colosseum, Rome shall stand; 

When falls the Colosseum, Rome shall fall, 

And when Rome falls—the World.” 

32 







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Fig. i6 


The Colosseum, Rome 

















THE PALACE OF THE DOGES 


T his unique palace of unusual composition is the only one 
of its kind among celebrated buildings. Could you ever 
forget that promenade inclosed by baseless columns? 
Look closely at the capitals with their carved birds, flowers, vines, 
leaves, animals, and prominent people. 

Then above the long gallery. La Loggia, inclosed with more 
columns—twice as many—is another lovely walk. We shudder 
a little, though, for only ten centuries ago from between those two 
red columns the Republic of Venice had its sentences of death called 
aloud to the waiting crowd below. Above this gallery, topping 
the building, is the heavy part of the palace covered with slabs of 
colored marble. As we study the palace from our gondola, oppo¬ 
site the Piazzetta (small square), we see the architect’s originality. 
It is light and airy and fantastic yet sturdy and assertive as it 
stands four square to sea and man. 

The Palace of the Doges was begun about 814 for the first doge 
of Venice. In less than two hundred years it was burned down; 
it was again rebuilt, and was again burned in 1105. In each 
rebuilding changes were made, until in the nineteenth century much 
of its first beauty was brought back again. The palace is built 
on hundreds of piles driven into the solid ground below the water 
of the lagoon—as all of the buildings of Venice are built. 

The Giant Staircase, Scala dei Giganti, is rich with beautiful 
ornaments, and at the top of the flight of steps are two colossal 
statues of Mars and Neptune. The late doges were crowned on 
the top landing of these steps. 

The Palace of the Doges contains many rare paintings of the 
great Venetian artists. I want you to see specially Tintoretto’s 
paintings on the upper floor. They are ‘Torge of Vulcan,” 
“Mercury with the Graces,” “Minerva Driving Away Mars,” and 
“The Marriage of Ariadne and Bacchus.” These are considered 
wonderful pictures. 


34 









Courtesy of Pratt Institute 






Fig. 17. The Palace of the Doges, Venice 







CAMPO SANTO 


T his tiny plot of ground, one of the most revered places in 
Italy, is called Campo Santo, meaning sacred field. About 
seven hundred years ago Archbishop Lanfranchi of Pisa 
traveled to Palestine. The great treasure he brought home with 
him was earth from Calvary—fifty-three ship-loads. This holy 
ground he deposited in a space the size and shape of Noah’s ark, 
as told in Genesis, VI: 14-16. In this God’s Acre from Jerusalem 
were buried the dead of his beloved city. The building around 
the Campo Santo was begun about seventy years later from plans 
made by Giovanni Pisano (1245-1320). 

Standing in the entrance door opposite the Leaning Tower, we 
see on each side of us long open verandas or cloisters joined in the 
middle by the little chapel with its lovely dome reaching skyward. 
Pisano did not live to see the building finished. He is buried in 
this holy ground in the same sarcophagus with his father—but just 
where no one knows. A tablet put up to him simply stated the* fact 
of his burial here. 

On the walls of the cloisters are remarkable pictures by prom¬ 
inent artists. Unfortunately time and seasons have almost 
destroyed them. These pictures are gruesome subjects, mostly 
about death, the last judgment, and punishment. The “Triumph 
of Death” on the south wall is full of interest. When we remember 
what terrible famine and pestilence and war had torn Italy at this 
time we think that it was good sense for these men to live each 
day as though it were the last. The feeling of insecurity of life 
prompted some poet to write a poem about three dead men ap¬ 
pearing to three living men. One of the familiar sayings of the 
dead men was: “What ye are, that we were; what we are, that 
ye shall be.” This saying we find on old gravestones in old 
graveyards. 

In the Cathedral of Pisa, a few rods from the Campo Santo, is 
Andrea del Sarto’s painting of “St. Agnes and Her Lamb.” 

36 


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THE WOOLWORTH CATHEDRAL 
OF COMMERCE 


T he sky-scraper is a product of our day unless we consider 
the Tower of Babel, over five thousand years ago, ‘Svhose 
top may reach unto heaven,” as we read in Genesis, XT. 4. 
Two things made the sky-scraper possible, the elevator and steel- 
cage construction. The steel framework consists of beams of vari¬ 
ous lengths bolted together with hot rivets. In old times masonry 
walls supported the floor. To-day walls of fire-proof baked clay 
are hung on the steel cage like a well-fitting garment, and the floors 
are supported by the steel framework. The foundation, laid on 
bed-rock, sometimes a hundred feet down, is built of caissons—hol¬ 
low steel chambers, sunk to the bed-rock and filled with cement, 
thus forming solid piers. 

The climax in height of sky-scraper buildings is the Wool worth 
Cathedral of Commerce in New York. This marvelous structure is 
not only triumphant as a mechanical wonder but it challenges the 
world as an artistic achievement. Look at it! Drink in the vi¬ 
sion that Cass Gilbert, the architect, had in mind and that Frank 
W. Woolworth helped to materialize. There are the base, the 
shaft, and the tower. The base is a continuation of the piers 
which become frames for the great windows; then follows the 
shaft, broken at regular intervals of five stories with slight hori¬ 
zontal projections emphasized by color; then the tower on the shaft, 
surrounded by infant towers, reaching upward—nearly eight 
hundred feet in all. It is ‘‘a giant, yet perfect in proportion”! 

Much of the ornamental work of the Woolworth Building is of 
wrought-iron covered with gold-leaf. The walls, stairs, and bal¬ 
conies are mostly Vermont marble, green-veined and cream. Ex¬ 
quisite glass mosaics add tone and color to the whole. Many 
quaint figures, half caricature, half portrait, bear the weight of the 
cross-beams. Among the burden-bearing company, are Mr. Gil¬ 
bert with a model of the Woolworth Building in his arms, and 
Mr. Woolworth adding another five-cent piece to the pile. 

38 





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Photograph by J. C. Maugans. Courtesy F. W. Woolworth & Co. 


Fig. 19. The Woolworth Cathedral of Commerce, New York 






















































THE HOUSE OF THE GAUL 



NE day when walking alone along the Street of the Tombs 


in Pompeii I stopped among the ruins. Suddenly a 


^ woman dressed in gray with her hand to her face stood 
in the tall grass by a broken wall. Thinking she was waiting for 
some one, I turned away, but I found she had been waiting nearly 
two thousand years, possibly by the side of some grave. No city 
in all the world is so weird as this city caught in the very act 


of life. 


‘Tt was already seven o’clock in the morning,” writes the younger 
Pliny, “and yet but a faint light like that of twilight. The build¬ 
ings were shaken by such heavy shocks that there was safety no¬ 
where ... we seemed . . . shut in a chamber where every light 
was extinguished. . . .” It was August 24, 79 a. d., when Pliny 
and his mother were seeking safety. His famous uncle, the nat¬ 
uralist, was killed in the terrible downpour of ashes, cinders, and 
boiling water. 

In 63 A. D. an earthquake destroyed the greater part of Pompeii, 
but it was quickly rebuilt and the city greatly beautified. In 
fact, Pompeii, a city of about thirty thousand people, was a fine 
example of a Roman city built in Greco-Italian style of the first 
century after Christ. 

For a few centuries raids were made on the ruins of Pompeii, 
but gradually the city sank into oblivion. Finally there was not 
even a remembrance that there ever had been such a place as Pom¬ 
peii. Centuries passed. In 1748 a peasant, digging in his gar¬ 
den, discovered some statues and bronze pieces. This aroused 
the interest of King Charles III. He ordered excavations made 
on the site of the lost Pompeii. This work was fairly successful, 
but it was a hundred years later before systematic work began. 
To-day the uncovering of Pompeii is revealing many undreamed¬ 
of secrets. 

The House of the Gaul, with its beautiful Ionic pillars, is one 
of the later private houses uncovered. 


40 



Fig. 20. The House of the Gaul, Pompeij 


Courtesy of Pratt Institute 








































THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES 


T he buildings around this Marble Court are the oldest 
part of the famous Palace of Versailles built by Louis 
XIII about three hundred years ago. A curious bit of 
ceremony was connected with the clock you see just above the main 
entrance of the Marble Court—not as a timepiece but as a death¬ 
time announcer. When a king of France died—in the days when 
they had kings in France—an officer of the royal bedchamber 
would come out on the balcony under the clock and break his 
wand of office, crying, “The king is dead! ” Then taking a new 
wand he would exclaim, “Long live the king!” 

The Palace of Versailles, enlarged and beautified by Louis XIV, 
became in reality the great prison-house of the court. The policy 
of Louis the Great was to rule France like an autocrat-father, he 
doing all the thinking for his subjects. In order to keep his 
entire court under his thumb, it was necessary that it live close 
to his person. The Palace of Versailles, accommodating ten 
thousand guests, was built for that purpose. Louis, the absolute 
monarch, worked eight hours a day for thirty years, ever mindful 
of the happiness of his people, but that happiness must be planned 
by him. Never has there been a palace in modern times where 
stranger plots and counter-plots have been laid and defeated than 
at Versailles. 

The furnishings of this wonderful palace represent many pe¬ 
riods of French history. The paintings alone tell the story of the 
growth of the nation. These paintings do not rank as master¬ 
pieces of art; but as bits of pictured episodes they hold our interest. 

Try to plan your visit to Versailles to include the playing of 
the Grandes Faux, the great fountain—one of the marvelous 
sights of France. This magnificent display is usually given on 
specified Sundays, advertised beforehand, at a cost of about two 
thousand dollars for each display. 


42 


I 



)urtesy of Pratt Institute 


Fig. 21. The Palace of Versailles, France 

























MELROSE ABBEY 


I T is hard to tell truth from fiction when listening to the weird 
stories clinging to Melrose Abbey, Scotland. If it were only 
night as we stand by the grave of Michael Scott, the reputed 
wizard who died in 1291 and had his book of power buried with 
him, we should not be surprised to see the Cross of St. Michael 
point to the grave and to see a great light burst forth when the 
grave was opened. There were strange doings of monk and dwarf 
and a dead man transformed into a bundle of hay and a boy turned 
into a terrier dog—stories Sir Walter Scott tells in “The Lay of 
the Last Minstrel.” 

And over there near the site of the high altar is where the heart 
of Robert Bruce is buried. It is said King Robert commissioned 
his friend, good Sir James Douglas, to carry his heart to the Holy 
Land in a gold casket and wear it about his neck. But on his way 
to the Holy Land he stopped to aid Alfonso of Castile against the 
Moors and was killed about 1330. Sir Simon Lockwood of Lee 
carried the heart back to Scotland. A bloody heart with a crown 
upon it has been on the Douglas shield ever since. 

During the Reformation most of the statues in Melrose Abbey 
were demolished. One story says that a man began to destroy a 
figure of St. Mary and the Christ-child under a temple in the nave. 
Suddenly a piece of the statue fell and hurt his arm, disabling 
him for life. The abbey is a mere shell of its former glory; the 
nave is roofless. Melrose Abbey was founded in 1136 by David I 
for the order of Cistercian monks and dedicated to St. Mary the 
Virgin. An abbey is the church of a monastery. 

Melrose Abbey is only two miles from Abbotsford, the home of 
Sir Walter Scott on the river Tweed, and within walking distance 
of Dryburg Abbey, where he is buried. No words can describe the 
charm of this hallowed region; God’s Acre and man’s home supple¬ 
ment each other so perfectly that peace enters our souls. The trees 
seem our friends and the sky our protector, and even the crumbling 
ruins send our thoughts Godward. 

44 



























THE PANTHEON 


E ight times the purpose of the classic Paris Pantheon has 
been changed. The first chapel or church erected over the 
tomb of Ste. Genevieve (422-512), patron saint of Paris, 
was dedicated to Clovis (about 500) and then to the patron saint. 

The story of Ste. Genevieve is beautifully told in a series of 
paintings by Puvis de Chavannes on the walls of the Pantheon. 
Twice Ste. Genevieve saved her beloved Paris. Her influence was 
so great over the heathen conqueror that even Attila, the Scourge 
of God, king of the Huns, marched away from the city when she 
prayed, and Clovis, king of the Franks, was converted. As the 
first Christian king of France, he built the first Christian church 
in Paris. 

In the twelfth century the monks of St. Victor changed the 
church of Ste. Genevieve into cloisters, and two centuries later it 
was made a church again. Louis XV began the present building 
about 1770, and in 1791 the Convention set it apart as a mauso¬ 
leum, the Pantheon, to the famous French dead. 

One might think the building would rest in peace. Not so. In 
1806 it was again made into a church, and a quarter of a century 
later, after the July Revolution of 1830, it was changed into a 
temple. Its last service as a church was in 1851. When Victor 
Hugo died in 1885 the funeral rites were held in the Pantheon, the 
great mausoleum of France, and there he lies buried in the vault. 

The Pantheon is an imposing structure in the form of a Greek 
cross, each arm equal in length. The circular colonnade of 
Corinthian columns supporting the dome is particularly fine. The 
portico, with its fluted Corinthian columns, is much like the Pan¬ 
theon in Rome. A Corinthian column has a bell-shaped capital 
ornamented with acanthus-shaped leaves carved in marble. 


46 





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Photo from Brown Bros. 


Fig. 23. The Pantheon, Paris 





































SAN MARCO 


OUNG MARK, the patron saint of Venice, loved the aged 



St. Peter. He went with him everywhere, even to Rome. 


JL After St. Peter was crucified (see page 4), his disciple, 
Mark, went to Alexandria and founded a church and wrought 
miracles. The angry heathen seized him and dragged him to 
death through the streets, but a terrible storm arose and killed all 
his murderers. The Christians buried St. Mark, and his tomb 
became a sacred shrine. 

In 815 Venetian merchants came to Alexandria. They bribed 
the shrine protectors, stole the body of St. Mark, hid it in a cart 
under salt pork, bore it to their vessel, and sailed home to Venice. 
Over the grave where they buried the body they built a church in 
honor of the martyred saint. This church grew into the mar¬ 
velously beautiful Cathedral of San Marco. 

San Marco is so exquisite in color that it thrills us with delight. 
Ruskin in his “Stones of Venice” writes of “the color of glass, of 
transparent alabaster, of polished marble and lustrous gold.” 
How they twinkle and laugh and dance before our eyes! Many 
treasures from the Near East were built into this gem of archi¬ 
tecture, among them the spiral columns from Solomon’s Temple at 
Jerusalem. 

No other cathedral has such a combination of Byzantine domes 
of the Orient and pointed Gothic shrines of the Occident, each with 
its special saint, as are found on the roof of San Marco. Across 
the facade (front) is a marvelous gallery of pictures in mosaic 
of colored stones, and over the main entrance are “The Traveled 
Bronze Horses.” 

Not the least interesting feature of San Marco is the pigeons 
circling over it. In early days these feathered worshipers were 
very important on Palm Sunday. They were started from the 
vestibule of San Marco, and, spreading over the Queen City, they 
proclaimed to all Venice Christ’s entry into Jerusalem. At the 
downfall of the Republic they became dependent on public charity. 


48 







Fig. 24. 


__ 


Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


San Marco, Venice 




















ERECHTHEUM 


D O you remember the story of the contest between Pallas 
Athena and Neptune for possession of Athens? The 
Erechtheum stands on the sacred spot where this contest 
took place. Even to-day we are shown the dent in the rock where 
Neptune struck his trident and salt water gushed forth. An olive- 
tree still stands where it came at Athena’s bidding. The original 
olive-tree was burned in 480 b. c., and legend says that in two days 
the charred trunk put forth new shoots a yard in length. 

The origin of the Erechtheum is full of mystery. It may have 
been King Erechtheus’s palace, where it is said he welcomed Pallas 
Athena to Athens. Possibly it was built to house the wooden 
image of the great goddess that fell from heaven; or was it to 
cover the salt-well of Neptune and Athena’s olive-tree? At least 
the Erechtheum is probably the oldest building on the Acropolis. 
One strange legend is that the sacred serpent into which the soul 
of Erechtheus entered lived here as the guardian of the Acropolis. 
It was fed once a month on honey-cake. Themistocles (d. 448 
B. c.), to persuade his countrymen to leave Athens for Salamis, 
circulated a report that the serpent had not eaten the honey-cake. 
The Athenians thought this meant that Athena had forsaken the 
city. 

I want you to look carefully at the columns supporting the porch 
of the Erechtheum. The fluted shaft of the column rests on a 
round two-part base and has a cap or capital made in a spiral roll 
or volute. This is called an Ionic column. Now turn to the Par¬ 
thenon (see page 6) and you will see a much older order, the Doric 
column. Here the shaft is fluted but has no base, and the capital 
is round with a square cap at the top. 

The lovely Maidens’ Porch in the rear ever reminds us of the 
Caryae women who were traitors to their country and as punishment 
were made to bear up the roof of the porch. 


50 



■f 


T4 


V 


1 . 




Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


Fig. 25. Erechtheum, Athens 










EDINBURGH CASTLE 


W HEN Edwin, the Saxon king, came to Scotland about 
617 he was attracted to a flat rock above the Firth of 
Forth. He built a fortress on it that was known as 
Edwin’s Burgh. This may be the origin of the name Edinburgh. 
At any rate this is Castle Rock where the famous Edinburgh Castle 
now stands. The buildings are still surrounded by a deep moat 
with a drawbridge over which we pass to the gate. The portcullis, 
raised for our entrance, is that heavy iron grating with its spikes 
just above our heads. It looks threatening, let us enter quickly. 

It was near this gateway that Queen St. Margaret, the mother of 
David I, used to meet her people and settle their disputes. With 
such a mother no wonder her son David could found Melrose Abbey 
and dedicate it to the Virgin Mother (see page 44). The history of 
the castle really begins with Queen Margaret. Her chapel in the 
castle grounds is the oldest building in Edinburgh; it dates 
from about 1100 a. d. 

The notable sieges of Edinburgh Castle were under Mary Queen 
of Scots, when it was captured by the English in 157v3, and when 
Cromwell took the castle in 1650. x\fter the first siege the Half- 
Moon Battery was built. To-day a time-gun connecting with 
Calton Hill, at the other end of the city, two miles away, is fired 
daily from Half-Moon Battery. Within the castle is Queen 
Mary’s room where James I of England was born in 1566. 

The famous Mons Meg in front of the chapel is said to have 
been cast in Belgium about 1456, but Sir Walter Scott asserts it 
was made by a Galloway smith. Mons Meg was captured by 
Cromwell in 1650. He called it the Great Iron Murderer Meg; 
it was taken to London and put in the Tower. Sir Walter Scott, 
jealous of its Scottish honor, persuaded George IV to return it to 
Edinburgh in 1829. 

Outside of the castle walls is a dog cemetery quite worth a visit. 

52 


















CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL 


I T seems impossible that this lovely cathedral ever stabled 
horses, yet Oliver Cromwell’s troopers used it for that purpose 
(1653-58). Although men and elements have ravaged it 
many times, it still stands in its simplicity as an almost perfect 
example of Early English architecture. 

The history of Canterbury Cathedral dates from the close of the 
sixth century, when St. Augustine went to Saxon England with 
fifty monks. He crowned the king and in one day baptized ten 
thousand subjects, say the records. At the command of the pope 
he saved the heathen temples and purified them by washing the 
walls with holy water. He set up an altar and replaced the idols 
with holy relics and Christian symbols. 

The building as we see it to-day began with the Norman Con¬ 
quest in 1066. William of Sens laid the foundation, and an 
English William, a pupil of William, the French architect, com¬ 
pleted it. Early English architecture was a combination of French 
and English and is noted for its fine proportions and great dignity. 

The next important date in Canterbury Cathedral is that of 
Thomas a Becket, archbishop in 1162. His opposition to King 
Henry II brought about his murder on the steps of the altar. Then 
King Henry, to do penance for the outrage, made a pilgrimage to 
Thomas’s tomb. Tradition says that the body of Thomas a Becket 
was burned during the reign of Henry VIII. In 1888, however, a 
stone coffin containing a skeleton was found in the crypt of the 
cathedral. Authorities believed it to be the skeleton of Thomas a 
Becket and had it reburied. He was canonized in 1172. The 
Archbishop of Canterbury, who is called the primate of all England, 
is the first peer of the realm. He crowns the sovereigns and when 
he is in his robe of office is said to be enthroned. 

Geoffrey Chaucer ( 1340-1400) in his “Canterbury Tales” gives 
a series of stories told by a supposed company of pilgrims, in 1386, 
while on their way to the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket in Canter¬ 
bury Cathedral. 


54 



Fig. 27. Canterbury Cathedral, England 




















THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT 


T he Houses of Parliament, across the street from Westmin¬ 
ster Abbey, lie along the river Thames facing the east. 
The Clock Tower attracts us first, for in it is Big Ben, 
famous as one of the largest bells known. But Big Ben has only 
size to recommend him, while Great Tom, his predecessor, saved 
the life of a man. During the reign of William and Mary (1689- 
94), the story says, a sentinel, John Hatfield, fell asleep while on 
duty on the terrace of Windsor Castle. He was tried and con¬ 
demned by court martial. He pleaded innocence, saying that he 
heard Great Tom at midnight strike thirteen. This was prepos¬ 
terous! Great Tom was too far away from Windsor, to be heard, 
and, “Why should he strike thirteen?” Several persons come for¬ 
ward, however, and swore that Great Tom did strike thirteen on 
that night. The man was pardoned. 

The Houses of Parliament are built (1840-57) on the site of 
Westminster Palace and include Westminster Hall, where King 
William Rufus held his first court in 1099. The buildings are 
said to be absolutely fire-proof. The furniture and fittings might 
burn but not the flooring, walls, or roofs. 

The Houses of Parliament contain the House of Lords and the 
House of Commons, two magnificently furnished chambers, called 
the Upper and Lower Houses. In the House of Lords is the throne, 
and in front of it is the famous woolsack on which sits the lord 
chancellor. The use of the woolsack was started in Queen Eliza¬ 
beth’s time (1558-1603). An act of Parliament was passed to 
prevent the exportation of wool. To keep this act constantly in 
mind, woolsacks were put in the House of Lords for the judges to 
sit on. Now only the lord chancellor, who presides in the House 
of Lords, sits on the woolsack. The seat is a large square bag of 
wool on the floor with no back or arms and covered with red cloth. 


56 


I 





















THE BAPTISTRY 



HIS interesting octagonal building, one of the oldest in 


Florence, was until 1128 the cathedral. In very early days 


it may have been used for pagan worship before it became 
a Christian church about the seventh century. 

It was also used as a political center for the Guelphs, and a high 
tower near it was the Ghibelline center. In this tower the dead of 
Florence were exposed eighteen hours before burial. This was a 
common custom in European countries. The tower had to come 
down, and, as a bit of spite work, tradition says, the Ghibellines 
told the architect to make the tower fall on the Baptistry and crush 
it. Fortunately, however, the tower did not fall in that direction, 
and the Baptistry still stands. 

No building in Florence is more closely connected with the chil¬ 
dren of the city than the Baptistry. All babies born in Florence 
are baptized here. I was in the Baptistry one day when a tiny 
baby only a few hours old was brought in for baptism by its nurse 
and other attendants. In a very human way the priest tenderly 
took the little one wrapped in swaddling-clothes in his arms and 
performed the sacred rite. 

Ghiberti’s bronze doors in the Baptistry, shown in the small pic¬ 
ture, are great masterpieces of art. When Michael Angelo, a hun¬ 
dred years later, first saw them, he exclaimed, “They are fit to be 
the gates of paradise.” One pair of doors, by Pisano, was finished 
in 1336. Ghiberti, after twenty years’ work, set up his first 
doors in 1424, five hundred years ago. 

We have a glimpse of Florence at the time Ghiberti did his work, 
in an old public notice dated January 7, 1407; which reads: “All 
working at the doors of San Giovanni—Baptistry—[are licensed] 
to go about Florence at all hours of the night, but always carrying 
lamps lighted and visible.” How we should like to have met 
Ghiberti with his lighted lamp! But probably the people of 
Florence had no idea that a genius whose works would never die 
was rubbing elbows with them. 


58 







Courtesy of Dr. A. D. F. Hamlin 

Fig. 29. The Baptistry, Florence 



Courtesy of 

Fig. 


Dr. A. D. F. Hamlin 
2 g \. Baptistry Door 




































TAJ MAHAL 


N O one can really describe a dream! The Taj Mahal is a 
‘‘dream in marble.” Lord Roberts says, after forty-one 
years in India: “Go to India. The Taj alone is well 
worth the journey.” Was anything ever more like a gem set in 
living green? Certainly the “Moguls designed like Titans and 
finished like jewelers.” 

The Taj Mahal, just outside of Agra, is a mausoleum begun in 
1630 by Emperor Shah Jehan for his favorite queen, Mumtaz 
Mahal. Her name in English means “pride of the palace,” or 
“the distinguished one of the palace.” The term “Taj Mahal” is 
a corruption of the Persian Mumtaz Mahal. The building is right¬ 
fully called the Crown Lady’s Tomb. 

Twenty thousand workmen were twenty-two years building this 
marvel of delight. Like the New Jerusalem, twelve manner of 
stones garnished it: carnelian from Bagdad, turquoise from Tibet, 
garnet from the Ganges, chrysolite from the Nile, jasper from the 
Punjab, diamond from Panna, coral from Ceylon, onyx from Dec- 
can, and alabaster, lapis lazuli, and malachite, with pearls from 
the ocean. The delicately carved white marble, as filmy as Vene¬ 
tian lace, glows with the exquisite color of these gems wrought into 
flowers, scrolls, and wreaths of decoration. On the columns and 
ceilings are texts from the Koran inlaid in black marble. 

Mumtaz Mahal married Shah Jehan in 1615. She had fifteen 
children and died when the last child was born in 1629. When her 
son, Aurung-Zeb, grew to manhood he deposed his father, Shah 
Jehan, and imprisoned him for many years. The balcony is shown 
to-day where Shah Jehan was carried out to die in sight of the Taj 
Mahal, the resting-place of his beloved queen, where he, too, would 
rest. He had one comfort in his last hours, for his daughter, 
Jehanara, the child left at the death of his beloved Mumtaz Mahal, 
stayed with him to the end. The inscription on Jehanara’s tomb 
reads: “These simple flowers are most appropriate for one who 
was poor in spirit, though the daughter of Shah Jehan.” 

60 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 

Fig. 30. Taj Mahal, Agra, India 




















MILAN CATHEDRAL 


I ASKED a little girl of seven in a geography class one day 
what city she would like to visit in Italy. She answered 
eagerly, “Milan; I want to see the cathedral with its two thou¬ 
sand statues.” Let us wander over the marble roof of “frozen 
music” among this perfect galaxy of exalted beings and stop a 
moment in the upper gallery of the dome. Such a forest of statues 
crowns the pinnacle, peak, and turret, peeping out from niche and 
around corners, that we vow never marble yielded a company so 
picturesque and beautiful; and among this goodly company is 
Napoleon in antique costume. Ask an attendant on which side to 
look; then you can easily find him. Napoleon was crowned King 
of Italy in 1805 in Milan Cathedral. 

Milan Cathedral, built on the site of an earlier small basilica, 
was the biggest and grandest church in the world when it was 
founded in 1386, and it remained so until the building of St. Peter’s 
at Rome (see page 4). Even to-day the stained glass windows are 
unsurpassed in size. The cathedral is very mixed in style, for 
centuries of time and successive architects changed the point of 
view. With all the changes, however, the building is exquisitely 
beautiful. 

Possibly the statue of St. Bartholomew with his skin thrown 
over his shoulder is the most startling of the many statues in the 
Cathedral. You may remember that Bartholomew was one of the 
disciples chosen by Jesus. He was also known as Nathaniel; 
Bartholomew meant “son of Tolmai.” This disciple, who 
preached the gospel in the East, was martyred by being flayed alive 
and then crucified. 


62 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


Fig, 31. Milan Cathedral, Italy 




















































































THE OPERA-HOUSE 


S we walk along the Avenue de I’Opera from the Louvre 



we know that no street was ever so fascinating. Cut right 


^ through the heart of the city of Paris a mile long, by an 
architect who understood open-air space and allowed no trees to 
obstruct the view, this marvel of beauty leads us direct to the Grand 
Opera-House in the very center of Paris—this marvelous Academic 
Nationale de Musique. 

We little dream that this small bit of land, three acres in size 
and valued at two million dollars, when bought fifty years ago was 
scarcely above water-level. After only fifty feet had been ex¬ 
cavated, so much water gushed forth that eight steam-pumps were 
employed day and night for seven months. 

The building has very little wood but has every conceivable kind 
and color of marble and costly stones. The fagade alone is mar¬ 
velously rich in profusely decorated carnelian pillars, busts, stat¬ 
ues, and ornamented designs. The Grand Staircase is the crown¬ 
ing glory of the place. Its white marble stairs with antique rose 
balustrade and hand-rail of Algerian onyx are simply superb. 
The thirty single columns beautiful in color rise in height to the 
third floor. 

This opera-house is probably the largest of its kind in the world, 
yet its seating-capacity is less than many smaller buildings. The 
larger part of the floor-space is given over to the Foyer du Public. 
This is the gathering-place where the whole audience goes between 
the acts to meet the beaus and belles and where the latter display 
their pretty gowns. Nothing quite equals the scene in the Grand 
Opera Foyer during the opera season in Paris. The elite are out 
in full dress and “hoi polloi” are in full pursuit. The dazzling 
lights and the magnificent setting simply glorify the whole group. 


64 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


Fig. 32. The Opera-House, Paris 
























BORO-BUDUR 


I T scarcely seems possible that in far-off Java, that island which 
we usually associate with the coffee we think comes from there, 
is one of the most marvelous temples—Boro-Budur—the sun 
ever shone upon. It covers as much ground and rises as high as 
the Great Pyramid at Gizeh. (See page 98). As every inch of 
the three miles of exposed surface is elaborately carved in relief 
and intaglio (cut in) and adorned with hundreds of statues, it 
must have been in process of building longer than the pyramids 
and must have taken more workmen. 

No one knows just when this wonder in size and elaborate carv¬ 
ings was begun, but it was possibly about 800 a. d. Boro-Budur 
stands on a small hill and is built of volcanic stone. It rises in 
five galleries. Around these are seventy-two dagobas, like gigantic 
lotus-buds, with open latticework. In each is a life-size Buddha 
image; see the small picture. Rising fifty feet from the center of 
the temple is a domed and spiral dagoba, a shrine in which was an 
immense full-length image of Buddha. 

Evidently this marvelous temple first fell into decay through 
neglect and indifference. An eruption of the nearest fire-mountain 
probably caused the greatest destruction. Excavations were be¬ 
gun on the temple early in the nineteenth century. 

Some authorities believe that the temple was built to hold some 
relic of Buddha (562P-482? b. c.) possibly a tooth, but no tooth 
remains to-day. The decorations around the temple tell the life- 
story of Buddha. The faces of the statues are Hindu in character. 
There are many very strange and unique scenes. The story of 
Buddha’s life is filled with legend and fantastic myths. His name 
means ‘fihe enlightened.” There are many theories about the 
name “Boro-Budur.” 

Buddha’s dying words were, “Work out your own salvation with 
diligence.” Death with the Buddhist means extinction. Death to 
the Christian means eternal life. 

66 











-V-- 


f-»r:!>: 


>. o 


Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


Fig. 33. Boro-Budur, Java 



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NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL 


N otre dame (French for ‘‘our lady’’) is built in the 
middle of the river Seine on the He de la Cite. Although 
begun in 1163, its completion brought it into the cathedral¬ 
building thirteenth century. Its strange career as church, Temple 
of Reason, and military depot covers much of French history. 

One of the most thrilling and spectacular scenes held in the 
cathedral was the coronation of Napoleon and Josephine. As 
usual, Napoleon was determined to astonish France. He dared to 
do what no monarch had ever done before, to request that the pope 
come himself to Paris to crown him. Pope Pius VH came, and on 
December 2, 1804, in Notre Dame he anointed the emperor; but 
when he raised the crown Napoleon took it from the pope and 
crowned himself and then crowned Josephine as empress. The 
French artist David (1748-1825) in “The Coronation of Napo¬ 
leon” in the Louvre, reproduces the ceremony held in Notre Dame. 

From the towers of Notre Dame we have a splendid view of 
Paris and of the curving Seine with its numerous bridges. We are 
a little disturbed, however, by the company of strange beings sur¬ 
rounding us. Somehow these curious monsters seem more than 
dead stone. Once while gazing across to the Louvre (see page 
80) I felt that eyes were watching me. When I cautiously turned 
my head, sure enough a man was peeping in through the opposite 
window. I shuddered. The man was stone, but surely he 
laughed, and his companions howled and shrieked at me. These 
monsters, hundreds of them, are everywhere and assume every shape 
imaginable. No one can tell who made them or why they are on 
the roof of Notre Dame. A few are gargoyles to carry off the 
water, but most of them are simply a part of the strange menagerie 
put there when the cathedral was built. 

The fagade of Notre Dame, one of the earliest of its- kind, began 
the practice of dividing the front into three parts. Its simple dig¬ 
nity is charming, though it does not compare in splendor with the 
richly ornamented Rheims Cathedral. 

6.8 


Fig. 34. Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris 



^ 1 , 














THE ALHAMBRA 


I N the center of the Alhambra Palace, which is part of the 
great fortress of the Moors on the crest of the Sierra Nevada 
above the city of Granada, lies this lovely Court of the Lions. 
Was there ever a more beautiful place for fairies? Surely we 
must see them dance around the slender pillars and spring to the 
backs of the grotesque monsters guarding them. This exquisite 
creation of court and hall and private apartment that forms the 
Alhambra was built by the Moors in the thirteenth century. Do 
you not feel the Oriental wanderers’ tent in the slender supports of 
the roof and in the shawl-like gorgeousness of the carvings in color 
and design? 

If we could only read the Arabic inscriptions running like frost¬ 
work through the decorations we should find they said to us, “Wel¬ 
come,” “Blessing,” “God is our refuge”; and above all is the sen¬ 
tence, “There is no conqueror but God.” 

As we enter the archway of the Court of Justice, above us is 
carved a gigantic hand, and on the inside of the archway is an 
immense key. These two symbols in Mohammedan legend mean, 
in the hand, the five commandments of the faith, and in the key, 
“the key of the house of David” (Isaiah, XXII: 22). A later and 
more fantastic legend says that the Moorish king, builder of the 
Alhambra, sold himself to the devil and laid the fortress under a 
spell that has preserved the building till to-day. The spell will be 
broken when the hand reaches down and grasps the key; then the 
Alhambra will crumble to dust, and great treasure of gold will be 
found under the ruin. 

In 1492 Boabdil, the last of the Moslem kings in Spain, sur¬ 
rendered the keys of Granada to King Ferdinand V of Castile. 
He shed many tears at leaving such a spot, and, to add to his 
anguish, his mother bitterly reproached him, saying, “You do well 
to weep as a woman over what you could not defend as a man.” 
Do not fail to read “The Alhambra,” by Washington Irving. 

70 



Fig. 35. The Alhambra, Granada, Spain 


\ 



























THE DOME OF THE ROCK 


T he Dome of the Rock stands on the spot in Jerusalem 
where Solomon built the Temple. The story of this sacred 
place, beginning in Hebrew tradition, says that about 2200 
B. c. Abraham and Melchizedek sacrificed on the rock (Genesis, 
XIV: 18-20); also that it is the Mount Moriah where Abraham 
came to sacrifice Isaac, but God called him, and he offered the ram 
caught in the thicket (Genesis, XXII: 1-14). 

About 1000 B. c. David bought the site of the Dome of the Rock. 
David had disobeyed God in taking a census of the people. In 
consequence seventy-five thousand men died of a dreadful plague. 
When God stayed the plague He told the destroying angel that 
David must set up an altar on this spot, and David obeyed. Jeru¬ 
salem now became the City of David, the capital of the kingdom. 
Naturally David wished to build a temple to God where the altar 
stood, but because of his disobedience he was only allowed to pre¬ 
pare the material. David’s son, Solomon, built the Temple about 
950 B. c. Three times the Temple was built and three times de¬ 
stroyed. The final destruction was by Titus in 70 a. d. 

In 636 Omar, the second Mohammedan caliph, took Jerusalem. 
He cleaned and purified the site of the Temple and built a shrine 
in front of the sacred rock. Fifty years later the Dome of the 
Rock was built and named for him the Mosque of Omar. 

The little mosque, in the big picture, is called the Dome of the 
Chain, or David’s Judgment Seat. A curious legend says that in 
the time of David or Solomon there was suspended from heaven 
on this spot a chain which had the virtue of deciding disputes. 
Men who could not agree came here, and the chain would swing 
to meet the one who was in the right. Finally two men came dis¬ 
puting over money one owed the other. The debtor hid the money 
in his staff and, as he took hold of the chain, handed his staff to 
his creditor. He then took oath, saying, “I have given the money 
to you! ” Dropping the chain he again took his staff. The chain, 
angry at such rascality, disappeared forever. 

72 




f 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 

Fig. 36. The Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem 














TEMPLE AT LUXOR 


W HAT impresses us about the Egyptian monuments, 
whether statues, or temples, is size. I laughed one 
day, when visiting the Egyptian monsters in the Brit¬ 
ish Museum, to hear a guard say, “Madam, my duty is to watch 
the statues in this room and see that none is carried off.” People 
are mere pygmies among the ruins of Egypt. 

The Temple at Luxor was built about 1450 b. c. by Amenhotep 
III, one of the greatest kings of Egypt. It stands on the east side 
of the Nile on the site of ancient Thebes. No one view gives any 
idea of grandeur of the Temple at Luxor. Its immense size 
and great number of columns, its peristyle halls and elaborately 
carved and painted walls, and the long avenue of sphinxes that at 
one time connected it with the Temple at Karnak, mark it as one 
of the most marvelous achievements in Egyptian architecture. The 
hundreds of columns with their closed lotus-flower capitals make 
us think of a big forest of sequoia trees where dwell a giant race 
of stone men. 

A hundred years after Amenhotep III came Rameses II, called 
Rameses the Great. This king was the oppressor of the Children 
of Israel. Rameses II was the most noted advertiser of all time. 
Not always were his methods above reproach. He went about his 
wide-reaching kingdom repairing the temples and monuments. 
Wherever he cleared away rubbish or renewed broken and defaced 
walls he erased the builder’s name and put his own in its place. 
This was anything but honest. To-day it is hard to tell what 
Rameses II really built and what he stole from other builders. 
However, Rameses the Great did build wonderful temples and 
added much to the Temple at Luxor. 

Rameses the Great Advertiser reigned sixty-seven years and died 
when he was one hundred years old. He had many wives and was 
the father of 111 sons and fifty-one daughters. Huge statues of 
him are found all over Egypt. One statue at Luxor, twenty feet 
high, has Mrs. Rameses by his side. She comes up to his knee. 

74 


% 



© U. and U. 


. 37. Temple of Luxor, Egypt 


Fig 



















THE ESCORIAL 


P hilip II of Spain really did build the Escorial (meaning 
refuse) on an iron-mine refuse-heap eighteen miles from 
Madrid. To add to its dreariness he designed it in the 
shape of a gridiron in honor of St. Lawrence. This Christian mar¬ 
tyr when roasting (August 10, 258) advised his tormentors to turn 
him and roast the other side. 

The Escorial, on a bare, bleak, gray spur of the Guadarrama 
Mountains, incloses within its walls a church, a burial-vault, a 
monastery, and a country palace. Made of gray stone, it seems to 
grow out of the mountain itself. The Spanish speak of it as the 
eighth wonder of the world; and it is a wonder, but not one to call 
forth a word of loving enthusiasm. 

How could Philip II, this cold, bigoted, selfish champion of 
the Inquisition, build otherwise? He boasted from this very center 
of desolation that he ruled two worlds. And here, in 1598, in a 
cold, bare, cheerless room, he died, this ruler of half the world. As 
we walk along the cold gray corridors, and through one room just 
like the next one, the horror of monotony grips our souls. We 
could scream with those tortured beings ministering to the king’s 
delight, but we walk out into the sunlight and throw off the gloom. 

The Escorial is a problem in geometry rather than a building 
with an artist’s heart and soul back of it. Whatever of beauty or 
ornamentation was added to the design by the architect was struck 
out by the king. He wanted a building of Doric simplicity, but 
his shriveled nature had no love to give. In the Doric Parthenon 
(see page 6) a loving heart speaks to all mankind; in the Doric 
Escorial the narrow-minded bigotry of Philip II repels all thought 
of love. 

To give just a faint idea of the size of this strange building, so 
entirely a part of its surroundings, we say over to ourselves its va¬ 
rious parts in numbers: sixteen courts, 2673 windows, 1200 doors, 
eighty-six staircases, eighty-nine fountains, and one hundred miles 
of corridors. 


76 






SANTA SOPHIA 


S ANTA SOPHIA is one of about five hundred mosques in 
Constantinople. Five times daily all over that great city 
comes the weird cry of the muezzin from the tall minarets 
(towers) around the mosques, ‘‘God is great; there is but one God; 
Mohammed is the prophet of God; prayer is better than sleep; come 
to prayer.” 

When Justinian the Great finished Santa Sophia in the sixth 
century it is said he was so enraptured that he exclaimed, “Solomon, 
I have even surpassed thee! ” For nearly a thousand years Santa 
Sophia was the stronghold of Christian worship between the East 
and the West. When Justinian named the church “Sophia,” which 
means wisdom, he meant it was the cathedral, or seat, of the bishop 
who was in authority over the Grecian states and colonies. A 
cathedral is the seat of a bishop. Santa Sophia was one of the 
earliest cathedrals built in the Christian church. 

Santa Sophia, the “terrestial paradise,” became the gathering- 
place of peoples of all nations to worship before our Lord, Jesus 
Christ. Then came Mohammed II riding to the very threshold of 
the cathedral on that memorable day in May, 1453, and, rising in 
his stirrups, he exclaimed, “There is no God but Allah, and Mo¬ 
hammed is his prophet! ” And from that day to this Santa Sophia 
has been a Mohammedan mosque. 

The interior of Santa Sophia as a Christian cathedral was beau¬ 
tifully decorated with pictures in mosaic and fresco. But when 
the Mohammedan made it into a mosque these Christian subjects 
were mostly covered over with gilt. If you look carefully, however, 
you can still see exquisitely colored angel wings peeping through 
the gilt. The Mohammedans consider Santa Sophia their most 
beautiful mosque—“the earthly throne of the glory of God.” 


78 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 

Fig. 39. Santa Sophia, Constantinople 















THE LOUVRE 


Y OU would scarcely guess that the lovely art gallery, the 
Louvre, takes its name from a wolf, would you? The 
story goes that once upon a time this spot was where wolf- 
hunters gathered. It is easily possible that the French loup, wolf, 
could grow into louverie, the wolf-hunters’ meeting-place, and then 
into Louvre, the gathering-place for works of art. 

The Louvre was probably begun by King Philip Augustus in the 
thirteenth century. He built a square tower for a fortress. Later 
this was enlarged to a chateau. Two hundred years later 
Charles V beautified and enlarged it into a lovely royal home. 
But in 1527 Francis I really began the palace in the form in which 
we know it. The buildings finally covered nearly twice the ground 
they now occupy—extending around the beautiful garden in our 
picture. Then came that terrible year of 1871 when men became 
fiends. They poured petroleum over these marvelous buildings, 
the products of ages of genius and wealth, and undermined them 
that they might blow them up at their pleasure. The horror of it 
makes us grit our teeth! The newer part, the Tuileries, was de¬ 
stroyed, but the Louvre with its treasures was saved. 

Look at its smiling beauty as we enter just beyond the shadow 
stretched across the walk. Turn to the left and lift your eyes to 
the first landing of the staircase. There she stands, that blessed 
goddess of victory, the Nike of Samothrace! Again turn to the 
left and descend a few steps to a long open hall. At the far end is 
the goddess of love, Venus de Milo, waiting to greet us. We may 
wander for hours through this glorious gallery and at almost every 
turn come on an old friend. In the Carre Gallery hang Van 
Dyck’s “Charles the First and his Horse,” Leonardo da Vinci’s 
“Mona Lisa,” Raphael’s “St. Michael and the Dragon,” and a 
dozen other masterpieces of world fame. Napoleon and Maria 
Louisa were married in the Louvre. 


80 
















NOTRE DAME 


W E shall stop a moment and look at Quentin Matsys’ 
delicately wrought iron well canopy near Notre Dame. 
The iron statue at the top of the canopy represents the 
fabled hero Brabo. Legend says that a giant called Antigonus 
lived on the banks of the Scheldt and made all who passed pay 
toll. If any one refused he cut off his hand and threw it into the 
river. At last came Brabo, the hero chieftain, and killed the giant. 
Some authorities believe that the name ‘‘Antwerp” comes from ant, 
a hand, and werpen, to throw; others say the word comes from 
an t werf, on the wharf. 

As we look at the tower of Notre Dame rising in filmy daintiness 
into midair we agree with Charles V that it is fit to be kept in a 
glass case. Napoleon compared it to Mechlin lace. It is 402 
feet high, and when its chimes of forty bells ring out surely it is 
“a multitude of the heavenly host praising God.” The Cathedral 
of Notre Dame, begun in the fourteenth century, was three hundred 
years in building and is the chief church of the Netherlands. The 
south tower, never completed, is an interesting variation in cathe¬ 
dral structure. It seems to intensify the skyward reach of the 
slender tower. Then, too, the strange-shaped tower, a step- 
pyramid with a top-shaped dome opposite the square tower, is 
unique, to say the least. 

But what we cross the ocean to see especially in Antwerp Cathe¬ 
dral is “The Descent from the Cross,” by Peter Paul Rubens 
(1577-1640). We enter Notre Dame from the south, then turn 
to the right. The painting hangs near the high altar. This pic¬ 
ture is not only one of the great pictures of the world but the most 
famous one of this subject. We all awaited its fate with bated 
breath during the World War. Dame Rumor says that this rare 
treasure, with other precious canvases, was sunk in the river 
Scheldt in waterproof covers, before the Germans came. One of 
the first acts of rejoicing after the armistice was the reinstallation 
of “The Descent from the Cross” and others of Rubens’s paintings. 

82 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


Fig. 41. Notre D.\me, Antwerp 


















THE GREAT GATE 


A ll roads in Japan lead to the temples at Nikko. In the 
seventeenth century a powerful shogun (army officer) 
named lyeyasu ruled Japan. He was so great that the 
term ‘‘shogun” became the title of the following rulers. When 
lyeyasu, the first shogun, died in 1616, a choir of priests intoned 
the classic scriptures ten thousand times in his honor. 

Before lyeyasu died he appointed his son to select a spot for his 
tomb and temples. Later his grandson, the third shogun, added 
his own tomb and temples. The sacred inclosure is laid out in a 
series of terraces, each entered through elaborate gates surrounded 
by temples. lyeyasu’s tomb stands alone at the top. The gates, 
tombs, temples, and shrines form a never-to-be-forgotten picture of 
roof-crowned structures ornamented with carved beasts, birds, 
flowers, and vines. 

The picture of the Great Gate at the third terrace shows some of 
the elaborate carvings and picturesque surroundings. The natives 
named it the Sunrise-till-dark Gate because a whole day is re¬ 
quired to see its beauty. Many of the queer creatures overhang¬ 
ing the verandas are Dogs of Fo and Sacred Dragons. Their 
green eyes, red gaping mouths, and glistening white teeth are in¬ 
deed terrifying. As we enter the Great Gate, beautiful in its per¬ 
fection, we come on the Evil-averting Pillar. The guides tell you 
that the architect, fearing the anger of the gods because he had 
dared make a thing so perfect, set the pillar upside down to mar it. 

The small picture is of the Sacred Stable for the horse ridden 
by the prince in the Formosa trouble of 1895. The monkey panel 
on the title-page is the second one from the left on the Sacred Stable. 
The monkeys have a curious history. The old Japanese calendar 
had a day dedicated to Koshin, the day of the monkey. The natives 
believed that monkeys could not see, hear, or speak any evil. The 
three bronze monkeys we use as paper-weights are copied from this 
group. 


84 




Courtesy of Pratt Institute 

Fig. 42. Great Gate of Temple, Nikko, Japan 



Fig. 42A. The Sacred Stable, Nikko, Japan 







CORDOVA CATHEDRAL 


C ORDOVA under the Moors a thousand years ago was a 
marvel of beauty. It had in it more than a million souls 
with nine hundred baths and six hundred inns, fifty hos¬ 
pitals, a library of six hundred thousand books, eight hundred 
schools, and a great university, and, to crown all, a mosque that 
•rivaled any in the Orient. The whole Mohammedan world thought 
it an honor to contribute to this Arabian wonder. Tradition says 
Jerusalem sent supporting pillars, and likewise Carthage and 
Damascus and Constantinople; pillars of all sizes and shapes 
grew into this great forest, a thousand and more, scattered here as 
it were by the wind, yet held in place by a master builder. 

No wonder that the great caliph, Abd-er-Rahman, in 785, wished 
to make Cordova a second Mecca. He believed that at the muezzin 
call, ‘Tome to prayer!” the whole western world would fall to its 
knees. That was not to be, for the Christian came. Many times 
we regret the Christian’s narrow vision in his destruction of things 
beautiful. We know to-day that the great forward movement of 
God’s world is not in destruction but in combining past and present 
into a new creation. 

St. Ferdinand, the king of Seville, drove the Moors out of Cor¬ 
dova in 1236, and then the wonderful mosque became the Cathedral 
of Cordova. It is still beautiful beyond compare, for Ferdinand 
was too wise to destroy what he could not reclaim. We love one 
story .of the king’s wisdom. The royal funds were low, and his 
advisers said, “Put heavier taxes on the people.” He replied: 
“God, in whose cause I fight, will supply my need. I fear more 
the curse of one poor old woman than a whole army of Moors.” 

When Charles V, in the sixteenth century, himself somewhat of 
a vandal, saw the tawdry chapels built into this gem of art by the 
bigoted followers of the world Christ, his indignation was just. 
His scathing words may help us see that true art is of God. He 
said, “You have built here what might have been built anywhere, 
but you-have destroyed what was unique in the world.” 

86 



Fig. 43 


Cordova Cathedral, Spain 






















MOUNT VERNON 


I F any one home in America really belongs to her children it is 
Mount Vernon. When in 1855 Washington’s home, then 
more than one hundred years old, was offered for sale, Ann 
Pamela Cunningham of South Carolina determined to save it as a 
national shrine; the children of America helped her do it, and 
Mount Vernon became the property of the Mount Vernon Ladies’ 
Association of the Union. 

The Mansion House, Mount Vernon, on the Virginia side of 
the Potomac, is on a high knoll overlooking the river. The house 
is built of wood, though it looks like stone, being cut and painted 
so skilfully. Washington, the Father of His Country, inheriting 
the estate from his half-brother Laurence, came to Mount Vernon 
to live in 1759, and here he died and was buried in 1799. 

A tragic thing happened thirty years after the burial of George 
Washington. A fiendish person broke into the tomb, as he sup¬ 
posed, and stole a skull; but it was not Washington’s tomb. Six 
years later in 1837 a stone-cutter, John Struthers of Philadelphia, 
presented two stone sarcophagi hewn from solid blocks of marble, 
and George and Martha Washington’s bodies were put in them. 
The new tombs were locked, and the key was thrown into the 
Potomac. 

In the main hall running the full depth of the mansion is the 
key of the Bastille, seven and a half inches long. When this dread¬ 
ful building, hated by the French people, was demolished. General 
Lafayette sent its key to Washington, writing, in part, ‘Tt is a gift 
which I owe as a son, to my adopted father . . .” 

An interesting story is connected with the lovely marble mantel¬ 
piece carved in Italy. When it was on its way to America French 
pirates stole it, but when they found that it was intended for Wash¬ 
ington they sent it uninjured to Mount Vernon. 

The sun-dial on the west lawn stands on exactly the same spot 
as the one used by Washington. Its Latin motto says, “I record 
none but sunny hours.” 


88 


r 





© Ewing Galloway 

Fig, 44. Mount Vernon, Virginia 











THE KREMLIN 


T he Kremlin is on a hill above the Moskva River. It is a 
triangular fort in the center of Moscow with a battlemented 
wall nearly two miles long and five gates with towers. In 
one gate is “The Palladium of Moscow,” a sacred picture of our 
Saviour believed to ward off evil. 

The Kremlin covers about one hundred acres, and from it radiate 
the streets of Moscow. In its inclosure are some of the most pic¬ 
turesque and interesting buildings we visit in any country. The 
dominating tower of Ivan the Great, to the right in the picture, 
rises snowy white 325 feet with a crown of gold on its head. This 
campanile of Moscow has thirty-six bells—two of them of silver— 
one in each arched doorway of the ascending arcades, which give 
forth ravishing music. The bells of Moscow are ever ringing a 
joyous welcome or a doleful dirge. 

The most magnificent temple in Moscow is the Church of the 
Saviour. This national monument, begun in 1813, was built in 
the Kremlin to commemorate the expulsion of Napoleon from Mos¬ 
cow. In the form of a Greek cross with each arm ending in a 
dome and a higher one in the center, it is seen from all points in 
Moscow. The richness of the material in this temple is almost 
beyond belief. 

The other buildings of note in the Kremlin are the Great Palace, 
built in the last century after Napoleon’s soldiers had burned the 
imperial palace, the great university, many churches, convents, 
monasteries, tombs, and a cathedral. 

Moscow, founded as a principality in the thirteenth century, is 
the capital of Russia. It is the center of the railroad system and 
commercial life. It was the coronation city of the czar, the Caesar. 
The sun of old Russia is setting in Moscow. His last rays illumi¬ 
nate the gilded crosses; 

And the domes and towers in shadow 
Stand like silent monks at prayer. 

90 






© U. and U. 


Fig. 45. The Kremlin, Moscow 
















PALAIS DE JUSTICE 


T he Palace of Justice in Brussels is like a city set on a hill. 
These Law Courts, for that is what they are, stand on a 
small flat elevation about six and a half acres in size. 
The immense building, larger even than St. Peter’s, contains 
twenty-seven large court-rooms and more than two hundred and 
fifty smaller rooms. The broad terraces around the building are 
connected with the streets by steep carriageways and stone steps. 
All along the flight of steps to the porticos are colossal statues. 
From the porticos, with Doric columns, we enter the vestibule 
through great bronze doors. 

In the center of the vestibule, on the main floor, are four pillars 
that support the dome. Around these pillars is a broad gallery, 
out of which open the court-rooms. In the Court of the Assizes is 
a fine carved oak ceiling. The finishings, in black and green 
marble, are beautifully harmonious. A more startling combination 
of colored marble is black and red in one of. the other court-rooms. 

The Palace of Justice was begun in 1866, and in less than twenty 
years,—in 1883 on the fiftieth anniversary of Belgium’s independ¬ 
ence—it was finished. Little wonder that the citizens of Brussels 
turned to the Palace of Justice with pride. But during the World 
War, a little more than a quarter of a century later, this Palace of 
Justice, one of the finest buildings of the century, was used as 
barracks for the German troops, and on their departure they carried 
away with them the great bronze doors of the waiting-hall. 

The view of Brussels and the valley of the Senne from the ter¬ 
races gives a splendid idea of the low flat country of Belgium as a 
part of the Netherlands, the Low Countries. We must climb to 
the dome, where, if the day is clear, we can see the Lion Mound at 
Waterloo, ten miles away, and the spire of Antwerp Cathedral, 
twenty miles distant. Then, near at hand, as you see in the pic¬ 
ture, are the steep overhanging tile roofs so characteristic of the 
Netherlands homes. 


92 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


Fig. 46. Palais de Justice, Brussels 










THE PANTHEON 


T he Pantheon is the best preserved ancient building in Rome. 
It was built by Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus Caesar, 
in 27 A. D. No one knows just what Agrippa had in mind 
when he built the perfect little shrine. It has been called Pan¬ 
theon, the Greek word meaning many gods, since 59 a. d. At the 
beginning of the second century it was struck by lightning, but 
Hadrian, when emperor (117-138), rebuilt it shortly afterward. 
He made the circular walls and vaultings that are still intact. 

The fact that the Pantheon was consecrated as a Christian church 
about 609 a. d. probably saved it from destruction. But even its 
being a church did not keep church officials from stripping it of its 
treasures. The gilded bronze tiles covering the roof of the Pan¬ 
theon were taken to Constantinople in 655, and lead took their 
place. In 1632 the brazen tubes supporting the roof were taken 
by Pope Urban VUI and made into pillars to support the canopy 
of the high altar in St. Peter’s (see page 4), and also made into 
cannons for the Castle of Sant’ Angelo (see page 20). 

As a sort of compensation for this vandalism (wilful destruc¬ 
tion) two ridiculous little campaniles (bell-towers) were built by 
Bernini (1598-1680) and placed on the corners of the circular 
building. They were so absurd in looks that some wit of the 
time very appropriately called them Bernini’s Ass’s Ears. For 
two hundred years they remained as an eyesore on the perfect little 
building, but in 1883 some one had the courage to remove them. 

The Pantheon is lighted by a single opening, thirty feet in diam¬ 
eter, in the center of the dome. The dome is one hundred feet 
high and wide. Rain falling through the opening is but a mist 
when it reaches the floor. 

Our beloved painter Raphael (1483-1520) is buried in the Pan¬ 
theon at the third altar on the left as we enter the building. 
Raphael died suddenly from a cold contracted while excavating in 
the Forum (see page 4) and other places. 

94 



•p 



Fig, 47. The Pantheon, Rome 


Courtesy of Pratt Institute 

















TEMPLE OF THE SUN 


T he most popular of all the gods worshiped in the eastern 
Mediterranean countries was Baal, the god of the sun. 
These peoples, the Syrians, Phenicians, and Canaanites, 
believed that Baal was the power that made the crops grow and 
brought success in raising the flocks and herds. He, the Sun, was 
the great producing agent of the world, the one in whom all life had 
its beginnings. Gradually the simple worship of a natural source 
of strength grew into fantastic and unnatural ceremonies. Even 
human sacrifice formed a part of the sun-worship cult. The great 
contest between the worship of Baal and the worship of the one 
true God is given in I Kings, XVIII: 1-40, written about 850 b. c. 
Elijah, the one remaining prophet of God, challenged the 450 
prophets of Baal. At the end of the trial the people fell on their 
faces, crying, ‘‘The Lord, he is the God.” 

Baalbek is thirty-four miles northeast of Damascus. The ruins 
of the city prove it was the most magnificent of the Syrian cities. 
It is not known when Baalbek was built, but its ancient name 
“Baal” shows it was a center for the worship of the sun god, and 
its Greek name “Heliopolis,” city of the sun, is further proof of 
this. 

The ruins of Baalbek are on a hill, an acropolis. The huge 
stones in the surrounding wall bear marks of Phenician origin of 
the time when Baal worship was at its height. The other remains 
are much later and belong to the Roman times. The city became 
a Roman colony under Caesar Augustus. 

Why Baalbek fell into decay in early times no one can tell. An 
earthquake in 1759 was the greatest destroying agent, and Time is 
finishing the destruction. No doubt the pashas of Damascus, 
needing iron for their own buildings, overturned many pillars at 
Baalbek, only thirty-four miles away, and carried off the iron 
clamps that held the pillars together. To-day we see the iron 
rust on the fallen columns. One prostrate block of marble in the 
quarry near-by is the biggest stone ever quarried. 

96 



Courtesy of Pratt Institute 


' ; CM 

" .. * 


Fig. 48. The Temple of the Sun, Baalbek, Syria 









THE PYRAMIDS 


W E all know what pyramids are like, but few of us could 
even dream of the grandeur of the pyramids of Egypt. 
Let us in imagination approach these stately monu¬ 
ments on swaying camels. They seem to rise out of the billowy 
sand like huge monsters from the restless ocean. And there they 
rest half buried in sand—sand everywhere. Glistening, sparkling, 
shifting sand! 

The pyramids of Egypt are square and stand facing the four 
cardinal points of the compass. They probably originated in the 
stone tumulus or mound pointed at the top. The name no doubt 
came from the Egyptian “peremus,” a building with sloping sides. 

One of the strongest religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptian was 
that the body must be preserved after death; therefore they built 
pyramids, the safest structure for Lower Egypt, in the flat country 
of the north. The majority of the pyramids are on the west side of 
the Nile. Beginning with the Cheops group, shown in our picture, 
and extending south through sixty miles, there have been identified 
about seventy pyramids. This region is called the Necropolis 
(cemetery) of Ancient Egypt. Most of the pyramids are above 
the high-water mark of the Nile. 

The Great Pyramid, called Khut by the Egyptians, is built on a 
ledge of rock that comes to the surface in the Sphinx. This ledge 
is the Gizeh, or skirt, of the desert west of the Nile. The Great 
Pyramid was 775 feet square before the outer layer was carried off 
for building-stone in Cairo. The stone of the pyramid was quar¬ 
ried at Tura on the east side of the Nile, nine miles away. Cheops, 
the third king of the fourth dynasty, about 3700 b. c., built the 
Great Pyramid. The rough masonry was covered with a smooth 
facing of stone. A little of the facing, still in place, has joints so 
closely fitted that we cannot insert the thinnest penknife. 

The pyramids of Egypt are one of the seven wonders of the world. 

98 



© U. and U. 


Fig. 49. The Pyramids, Egypt 






TRINITY CHURCH 


N O church in the United States is better known than Old 
Trinity, which stands at the head of Wall Street—the 
oldest church in New York City. More than two hun¬ 
dred years ago, in 1697, its spire was the most noted landmark in 
the city. Nearly a hundred years later, in 1776, it was burned 
down. It had not been rebuilt when George Washington lived in 
New York, which is the reason he attended St. Paul’s Chapel, still 
a dependent of Trinity Church. The second church, pronounced 
unsafe, was torn down and rebuilt in 1846 as we see it to-day. 

The beautiful bronze doors are interesting in story and design. 
They were made by artists of note in America. The one by Karl 
Bitter is especially dear to us because of the noble qualities of the 
man as artist and as a friend to his fellow-men. These doors 
were given by William Astor in honor of his father John Jacob 
Astor. 

The interior of Trinity Church is very impressive with its carved 
stone columns supporting the groined roof. The altar is of pure 
white marble divided into three panels by shafts of red stone. The 
reredos, the screen behind the altar, is made of French marble and 
alabaster. 

Although towering sky-scrapers overshadow her steeple, yet 
Trinity Church holds her own in the.crowded thoroughfare. Her 
unlocked doors invite to prayer, and multitudes enter daily to gain 
peace of soul in the soothing quiet of her sanctuary. 

We step within the churchyard gate and, leaving the noise and 
turmoil of Broadway, seek first the little grave—then without the 
city limits—where the child, Richard Churcher, was buried. This 
is the oldest grave yet identified. You must not fail to see the 
monument to Captain James Lawrence of the United States Navy, 
who fell in 1813. On the pedestal are his famous dying words: 
‘‘Don’t give up the ship.” The large white marble monument, 
next to Rector Street, is over the tomb of Alexander Hamilton, 
“. . . For the Patriot of Incorruptible Integrity.” 

100 



Photo from Brown Bros. 


Fig. 50. Trinity Church, New York 



















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INDEX 


Abbotsford, 44 

Abd-er-Rahman, 86 

Abraham, 72 

Acropolis, 6, 50 

Agnes, St., 36 

Agra, 60 

Agrippa, 94 

Albert, Prince, 18 

Alexandria, 48 

Alfonso of Castile, 44 

Alhambra, 70 

Amenhotep III, 74 

Angelo, Castle of, Sant’, 4, 20, 94 

Angelo, Michael, 4, 26, 58 

Anglo-Saxon, 32 

Anne Boleyn, 30 

Antigonus, 82 

Antwerp Cathedral, 82, 92 

Aqueduct, 16 

Astor, 100 

Attila, 46 

Augustine, St., 54 

Augustus Caesar, 24,'94, 96 

Aurung-Zeb, 60 

Baalbek, 96 
Babel, Tower of, 38 
Bagdad, 60 
Balmoral Palace, 18 
Baptistry, Florence, 58 
Barbarossa, Frederick, 22 
Bartholomew, St., 62 
Bastille, 88 

Becket, Thomas a, 54 
Belgium, 92 

Benedict XI\', Pope, 32 

Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, 94 

Bethlehem, 22 

Big Ben, 56 

Bluebeard, 30 

Boabdil, Moslem king, 70 

Boro-Budur, 66 

Brabo, 82 

British Museum, 6, 72 
Bronze Horses, 48 
Bruce, Robert, 44 
Brussels, 90 

Buckingham Palace, 18 
Buddha, 66 


Burma, 8 
Byzantine, 48 

Calton Hill, 52 
Campo Santo, Pisa, 36 
Canterbury Cathedral, 54 
Capitol, Washington, 12 
Capitoline Hill, 24 
Carthage, 86 
Caryae, 50 
Ceylon, 66 

Charles II, king of England, 30 

Charles HI, king of Sicily, 40 

Charles V, emperor of Germany, 80, 82, 86 

Charles VH, king of France, 28 

Charles X, king of France, 28 

Charlotte, Queen, 18 

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 14, 54 

Chavannes, Puvis de, 46 

Cheops, 98 

China, 8 

Churcher, Richard, 100 

Civil War, 12, 18 

Claudia Aqueduct, 16 

Clovis, King, 28, 46 

Cologne Cathedral, 22 

Commerce, Woolworth Cathedral of, 38 

Commons, House of, 56 

Constantinople, 78, 86, 94 

Cordova Cathedral, 86 

Corinthian, 46 

Cromwell, Oliver, 52, 54 

Cunningham, Ann Pamela, 88 

Damascus, 86, 96 

David, 26, 70, 72 

David, Jacques Louis, 68 

David I of Scotland, 44 

Deccan, 60 

Doges’ Palace, 34 

Dome of the Rock, 72 

Doric Column, 6, 50, 72, 92 

Douglas, Sir James, 44 

Dryburg Abbey, 44 

Dudley, Robert, Earl of Leicester, 10 

Edinburgh Castle, 52 

Edward VII, king of England, 18 

Egypt, 72, 98 


Elijah, 96 

Elizabeth, queen of England, 10, 14, 56 

England, 10, 14, 18, 56 

Erechtheum, 50 

Erechtheus, King, 50 

Escorial, 76 

Ferdinand, St., of Seville, 86 
Ferdinand V, king of Spain, 70 
Firth of Forth, 52 
Florence, 26, 58 
Formosa, 84 

Forum, Roman, 4, 24, 94 
Franklin, Benjamin, 2 

Ganges, 60 
Gate, Great, 84 
Gaul, House of, 40 
Genevieve, Ste., 46 
George III, king of England, 18 
George IV, king of England, 52 
Ghibelline, 26, 58 
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 58 
Gilbert, Cass, 38 
Gizeh, 66, 98 
Gods and goddesses 
Apollo, 14 
Ariadne, 34 
Athena, Pallas, 6, 50 
Baal, 96 
Bacchus, 34 
Castor, 24 
Jupiter, 24 
Mars, 34 
Mercury, 34 
Minerva (Athena), 6 
Nike of Samothrace, 80 
Pollux, 24 
Saturn, 24 
Titans, 60 
Venus de Milo, 80 
Victory, 80 
Vulcan, 34 
Gothic, 22, 48 

Government of United States, 12 
Granada, 60 
Great Tom, 56 

Gregory I, the Great, Pope, 20 
Guadarrama IMountains, 76 
Guelph, 26, 58 

Hadrian, Emperor, 20 
Hamilton, Alexander, 100 
Hatfield, John, 56 
Helena, Empress, 22 
Heliopolis, 96 

Henry II, king of England, 54 
Henry VIII, king of England, 14, 30, 54 
Holland, 8 


House, Golden, 32 
Hugo, Victor, 46 

Independence Hall, 2 
India, 8, 60 
Ionic Column, 50 
Irving, Washington, 70 
Isaac, 72 

Ivan the Great, 90 
Ivy, Kenilworth, 10 
lyeyasu, 84 

Jacob, 14 

Jane Grey, Lady, 30 
Japan, 8, 84 
Jehan, Shah, 60 
Jehanara, 60 

Jerusalem, 22, 36, 48, 72, 86 
Jesus Christ the Saviour, 14, 48, 62, 78; 
86, 90 

Joan of Arc, 28 
John of Gaunt, 10 
Jonson, Ben, 14 
Josephine, 68 
Julius II, Pope, 4 
Justice, Palais de, 92 
Justinian the Great, 78 

Karnak, Temple of, 72 

Katherine Howard, queen of England, 30 

Kenilworth Castle, 10 

Koran, 60 

Kremlin, 90 

Lafayette, 88 
Lapithae, 6 

Laurence, Captain James, 100 

Leicester, Earl of (Robert Dudley), 10 

L’Enfant, Major Pierre Charles, 12 

Liberty Bell, 2 

Lincoln, Abraham, 12 

I.ondon, 14, 30, 52 

Lords, House of, 56 

Louis XIII, king of France, 42 

Louis XIV, king of France, 42 

Louis XV, king of France, 46 

Louvre, 64, 68, 80 

Luxor, Temple of, 74 

:Madrid, 76 

!Magi, the three wise men, 22 
Mamertine Prison, 4 
!Mandalay, 8 
Marco, San, 48 

Margaret, queen of Scotland, 52 

Maria Louisa, Napoleon’s second wife, 80 

Mark, St., 48 

Mary Queen of Scots, 52 

Mary II, queen of England, 14, 56 


Matsys, Quentin, 82 
Mecca, 86 
Mechlin Lace, 82 
Medici, 26 
Melchizedek, 72 
Melrose Abbey, 44 
Michael, St., 44, 80 
IMichael, Archangel, 20 
Milan Cathedral, 4, 62 
Moguls, 60 
Mohammed II, 78 
Mohammedans, 72, 78, 86 
Mona Lisa, 80 
Mons Meg, 52 
Moors, 44, 70, 86 
Moscow, 90 
Mosque of Omar, 72 
Mount Vernon, 12, 88 

Napoleon, 62, 68, 80, 90 
Nathaniel, 62 
Nero, 4, 32 
Netherlands, 82, 92 
Newton, Sir Isaac, 14 
Nikko, Temple of, 84 
Nile, 60, 72, 98 
Noah, 36 

Notre Dame Cathedral, Antwerp, 82 
Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, 68 

Omar, Mosque of, 72 
Opera House, Paris, 64 
Osborne House, 18 

Pagoda, 8 
Palatine Hill, 24 
Palazzo Vecchio, 26 
Palestine, 36 
Pantheon, Paris, 46 
Pantheon, Rome, 46, 94 
Paris, 46, 64 

Parliament, Houses of, 56 

Parthenon, 6, 50, 76 

Paul, St., 24 

Penn, William, 2 

Peter, St., 4, 14, 20, 30, 48, 62, 94 

Phidias, 6 

Philip II, king of Spain, 76 
Philip Augustus, king of France, 80 
Phocas, Column of, 24 
Pisa, 36 

Pius VII, Pope, 68 
Pius XI, Pope, 4 
Pliny, 40 

Pisano, Giovanni, 36 
Poets’ Corner, 14 
Pompeii, 40 

Prendergast, Sir Harry, 8 


Punjab, 60 
Pyramids, 66, 98 


Rameses II, the Great, 74 
Rangoon Pagoda, 8 
Raphael, 24, 80, 94 
Remi, St., 28 

Representatives, House of, 12 

Rheims Cathedral, 28, 68 

Robsart, Amy, 10 

Rome, 16, 20, 24, 32, 62, 94 

Romulus, 24 

Rubens, Peter Paul, 82 

Ruskin, John, 48 

Russell, Lord, 18 

Russia, 90 

Sabines, 24 

Sarto, Andrea del, 36 

Savonarola, 26 

Saxon, 14, 54 

Scheldt, River, 82 

Scone, Stone of, 14 

Scott, Michael, 44 

Scott, Sir Walter, 10, 44, 52 

Seine, River, 68 

Seville, 86 

Shoedagong Pagoda, 8 
Shogun, 84 
Solomon, 48, 72, 78 
Soolay Pagoda, 8 
Sophia, Santa, mosque, 78 
Spanish, 76, 86 
Sphinx, 98 
Struthers, John, 88 
Sun, Temple of, 96 
Supreme Court, 12 


Taj Mahal, 60 
Tatius, Titus, 24 
Thames, River, 14 
Thebes, 72 
Theebaw, King, 8 
Themistocles, 50 
Thomas a Becket, 54 
Thorny Island, 14 
Tiber, River, 4, 20 
Tiberius Caesar, 16 
Tibet, 60 
Tintoretto, 34 
Titus, Emperor, 32, 72 
Tower, Leaning, 36 
Tower, London, 30, 52 
Trent, S. S., 18 
Trinity Church, 100 
Tuileries, 80 
Turks, 6 

Tweed, River, 44 


United States, 12, 100 
Urban VIII, Pope, 94 


Vatican, 4, 20 
Vecchio, Palazzo, 26 
Venice, 6, 34 
Vernon, Mount, 12, 88 
Versailles, Palace of, 42 
Vespasian, Emperor, 32 
Victor, St., 46 

\'^ictoria, queen of England, 18 


Vinci, Leonardo da, 80 

Washington, George, 2, 12, 88, 100 
Westminster Abbey, 14, 56 
William the Conqueror, 30 
William III, king of England, 14, 56 
William of Sens, 54 
William Rufus, king of England, 56 
Windsor Castle, 18, 56 
Woolsack, 56 
Woolworth Building, 38 
Woolworth, Frank W., 33 


THE END 




106 



I 




























